Endoscopic Management of primary Vesicoureteric reflux in children By Injection of Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Copolymer

Abstract

V esicoureteral Reflux (VUR) is a retrograde flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters and renal collecting system due to a failure of the ureterovesical valve mechanism. The incidence of VUR is 0.4-1.8% in the general pediatric population. Gender analysis shows that VUR occurs in girls older than the age of 1 y, four to five times more often than in boys of the same age. VUR is usually presented by urinary tract infection (UTI). Children often present with nonspecific symptoms and signs. Infection in infants can manifest as failure to thrive, with or without fever. Other features include vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and lethargy. Older children may report voiding symptoms or abdominal pain. Pyelonephritis in young children is more likely to manifest with vague abdominal discomfort rather than with the classic flank pain and tenderness observed in adults.