BIODIESEL AS ORGANIC ADDITIVES TO IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DIESEL FUEL
Gamal Abd El Salam Abd Allah Abou El Fotouh;
Abstract
The rise in percentage of importing gas oil in Egypt and the need for renewable and environmentally friendly gas oil has led to carry out some research in this area. This work aimed to synthesised biodiesel from palm kernels of Egyptian dates and Apricot kernels.
Palm kernels oil was extracted from Egyptian Kernel Date by mechanical press and purified by filtration. The produced oil analysed for its physical and chemical properties and the results showed that its density @ 15 ˚ C was 0. 9219 g/ ml , kinematic viscosity @ 40 ˚ C 35.42 C St and flash point 52˚ C .The extracted palm kernel oil was used for preparation of methyl esters (biodiesel ) by esterification in presence of sulfuric acid and methyl alcohol to reduce the free fatty acids in the oil , and on the same mixture the transestrification was proceed by methyl alcohol in presence of sodium hydroxide. The produced esters was washed by hot distilled water that acidified with orthophosphoric acid for purification then it dried by anhydrous sodium sulphate .
The chemical composition of (PKO BIODIESEL) was investigated using FTIR, ¹HNMR spectroscopy and GC-MS. The GC-MS scan of this palm kernel oil biodiesel indicated that it is composed of saturated methyl esters (19 .25 %), total monounsaturated methyl esters (72.103 %), total diunsaturated methyl esters (2.816 %) and total triunsaturated methyl esters (1.787 %). The quality of B100 (PKO biodiesel) was studied and the results showed that its density @ 15 ˚ C was 0. 9094 g/ ml, kinematic viscosity @ 40 ˚ C 16 .37 C St , cetane index 47 and flash point 108˚ C . It is appeared that there is a reduction in density by 1.35 %and in viscosity by 53.78 % due to the effect of the transestrification reaction on the oil. The blends B10(10 % vol. from produced palm kernel biodiesel + 90 % gas oil), B20( 20 % vol. from produced palm kernel biodiesel + 80 % gas oil) were prepared and characterized according to ASTM standard methods and Egyptian standard and compared with marketed gas oil. These results revealed that PKO biodiesel can be used as an additive for gas oil as indicated by results of B10 and B20 blends.
The (Opacity %) of smoke that emitted from gas oil and B20 blend (PKO FAME 20 % Vol. with gas oil) was measured by standard motor with six cylinders and compression ratio 17:1 and indicated a (-20.7%) improvement and this agreed with biodiesel from soyabeen biodiesel.
Apricot kernels oil was purched from local market. The oil was analysed for its physical and chemical properties and the results showed that its density @ 15˚C was 0. 9189 g/ ml , kinematic viscosity @ 40˚C 40.19 C St and flash point 130˚C .The Apricot kernel oil was used for preparation of methyl esters (biodiesel ) by esterification in presence of sulfuric acid and methyl alcohol to reduce the free fatty acids in the oil , and on the same mixture the transestrification was proceed by methyl alcohol in presence of sodium hydroxide. The produced esters was washed by hot distilled water that acidified with orthophosphoric acid for purification then it dried by anhydrous sodium sulphate .
The chemical composition of (AKO BIODIESEL) was investigated using FTIR, ¹HNMR spectroscopy and GC-MS. The GC-MS scan of this apricot kernel oil biodiesel indicated that it is composed of saturated methyl esters (35 .50 %), total monounsaturated methyl esters (62.42 %).
The quality of B100 (AKO biodiesel) was studied and the results showed that its density @ 15 ˚ C was 0. 8932 g/ ml , kinematic viscosity @ 40 ˚ C 9 .10 C St. , cetane index 55 and flash point 135˚ C . It is appeared that there is a reduction in density by 2.70 % and in viscosity by 77.35 % due to the effect of the transestrification reaction on the oil . The blends B10( 10 % vol. from produced Apricot kernel biodiesel + 90 % gas oil), B20( 20 % vol. from produced Apricot kernel biodiesel + 80 % gas oil) were prepared and characterized according to ASTM standard methods and Egyptian standard and compared with marketed gas oil. These results showed that AKO biodiesel can be used as an additive for gas oil as indicated by results of B10 and B20 blends and marketed gas oil.
The (Opacity %) of smoke that emitted from gas oil and B20 blend (AKO FAME 20 % Vol. with gas oil) was measured by the same motor indicated an increase (+12.2 %).
Palm kernels oil was extracted from Egyptian Kernel Date by mechanical press and purified by filtration. The produced oil analysed for its physical and chemical properties and the results showed that its density @ 15 ˚ C was 0. 9219 g/ ml , kinematic viscosity @ 40 ˚ C 35.42 C St and flash point 52˚ C .The extracted palm kernel oil was used for preparation of methyl esters (biodiesel ) by esterification in presence of sulfuric acid and methyl alcohol to reduce the free fatty acids in the oil , and on the same mixture the transestrification was proceed by methyl alcohol in presence of sodium hydroxide. The produced esters was washed by hot distilled water that acidified with orthophosphoric acid for purification then it dried by anhydrous sodium sulphate .
The chemical composition of (PKO BIODIESEL) was investigated using FTIR, ¹HNMR spectroscopy and GC-MS. The GC-MS scan of this palm kernel oil biodiesel indicated that it is composed of saturated methyl esters (19 .25 %), total monounsaturated methyl esters (72.103 %), total diunsaturated methyl esters (2.816 %) and total triunsaturated methyl esters (1.787 %). The quality of B100 (PKO biodiesel) was studied and the results showed that its density @ 15 ˚ C was 0. 9094 g/ ml, kinematic viscosity @ 40 ˚ C 16 .37 C St , cetane index 47 and flash point 108˚ C . It is appeared that there is a reduction in density by 1.35 %and in viscosity by 53.78 % due to the effect of the transestrification reaction on the oil. The blends B10(10 % vol. from produced palm kernel biodiesel + 90 % gas oil), B20( 20 % vol. from produced palm kernel biodiesel + 80 % gas oil) were prepared and characterized according to ASTM standard methods and Egyptian standard and compared with marketed gas oil. These results revealed that PKO biodiesel can be used as an additive for gas oil as indicated by results of B10 and B20 blends.
The (Opacity %) of smoke that emitted from gas oil and B20 blend (PKO FAME 20 % Vol. with gas oil) was measured by standard motor with six cylinders and compression ratio 17:1 and indicated a (-20.7%) improvement and this agreed with biodiesel from soyabeen biodiesel.
Apricot kernels oil was purched from local market. The oil was analysed for its physical and chemical properties and the results showed that its density @ 15˚C was 0. 9189 g/ ml , kinematic viscosity @ 40˚C 40.19 C St and flash point 130˚C .The Apricot kernel oil was used for preparation of methyl esters (biodiesel ) by esterification in presence of sulfuric acid and methyl alcohol to reduce the free fatty acids in the oil , and on the same mixture the transestrification was proceed by methyl alcohol in presence of sodium hydroxide. The produced esters was washed by hot distilled water that acidified with orthophosphoric acid for purification then it dried by anhydrous sodium sulphate .
The chemical composition of (AKO BIODIESEL) was investigated using FTIR, ¹HNMR spectroscopy and GC-MS. The GC-MS scan of this apricot kernel oil biodiesel indicated that it is composed of saturated methyl esters (35 .50 %), total monounsaturated methyl esters (62.42 %).
The quality of B100 (AKO biodiesel) was studied and the results showed that its density @ 15 ˚ C was 0. 8932 g/ ml , kinematic viscosity @ 40 ˚ C 9 .10 C St. , cetane index 55 and flash point 135˚ C . It is appeared that there is a reduction in density by 2.70 % and in viscosity by 77.35 % due to the effect of the transestrification reaction on the oil . The blends B10( 10 % vol. from produced Apricot kernel biodiesel + 90 % gas oil), B20( 20 % vol. from produced Apricot kernel biodiesel + 80 % gas oil) were prepared and characterized according to ASTM standard methods and Egyptian standard and compared with marketed gas oil. These results showed that AKO biodiesel can be used as an additive for gas oil as indicated by results of B10 and B20 blends and marketed gas oil.
The (Opacity %) of smoke that emitted from gas oil and B20 blend (AKO FAME 20 % Vol. with gas oil) was measured by the same motor indicated an increase (+12.2 %).
Other data
| Title | BIODIESEL AS ORGANIC ADDITIVES TO IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DIESEL FUEL | Other Titles | الديزل الحيوى كإضافات عضوية لتحسين الآثار البيئية لوقود الديزل | Authors | Gamal Abd El Salam Abd Allah Abou El Fotouh | Issue Date | 2015 |
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