Assessment of Children's Patterns of Abuse in Pediatric Health Care Settings
Sherifa Mahmoud Ibrahim;
Abstract
Nurses play a vital role in protection and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Nurses have a unique opportunity to link between at risk families and access to services and resources, access families to identify risk factors of exposure to children's abuse and neglect and can function in primary care and community resources settings (USGAO, (2011).
I- Technical design:
1. Research Design:
This study is a descriptive design aimed to assess the children's patterns of abuse in pediatric health care settings.
2. Research Setting:
This study was conducted at both outpatient and in-patient pediatric departments (Medicine, surgery and critical care units) at children's hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospitals.
3. Subject:
A Purposive sample composed of 100 children in addition to 100 nurses working at the previously mentioned setting. The inclusion criteria of the study involved children from both gender, aged from 7 to 17 years. Mother of the studied children were questioned when necessary to confirm certain knowledge about their children.
4-Tools of data collection:
1) A questionnaire sheet:
A questionnaire was designed by the investigator after reviewing related literature and it was written in simple Arabic language which covered the following:
a. Characteristic of the studied sample (e.g. age, gender, level of education, …ect)
b. Child history of abuse (age at time of abuse, duration, causes of abuse and patterns ….ect)
c. Data related to the studied sample knowledge about abuse (definition of abuse, patterns of abuse and causes…ect).
A correct answers scored of 2 for the complete correct answers and 1& zero for incorrect answers and don't know respectively for each area of knowledge. The scores of the items were summed-up and the total was divided by number of the items, giving a mean score for the item. Then the total score of knowledge was classified into either good (65% and more), average (50%: < 65%) and poor (< 50% score).
2) Psychometric assessment to measure psychological problems of the abused children through:
2.1. Arabic Version of Children Manifest Anxiety Scale to assess degree of severity of anxiety symptoms (Abd El Hameed and El Nail, 1991). It aimed to assess the degree of severity of anxiety symptoms of children. The anxiety scale consists of "36" statements. In each statement, the child was asked to answer with "Yes" or "No". Scores "Zero" if the answer is no and "one" if the answer is yes. The total scores were ranged from "0-36". Then the total anxiety level was classified into either.
No anxiety symptoms (score zero)
Mild anxiety symptoms (score from 1: 12)
Moderate anxiety symptoms (score from 13: 24)
Severe anxiety symptoms (score from 25: 36)
2.2. Cooper Smith Self-esteem Inventory to measure self-esteem (Mosa and El Dosoki, 1987). It aimed to assess the degree of self-esteem level of children. The self-esteem scale consists of "24" statements. Each statement, the child answered "Yes" or "No". Scores "Zero" if the answer is no and "one" if the answer is yes. The total scores were ranged from "0-24". Scoring system of Self-esteem of the children was classified into:
Score from 0 < 8 referred to low self-esteem.
Score from 8 < 16 referred to moderate self-esteem
Score from 16 < 24 referred to high self-esteem
2.3. Children Aggressive Behaviors Scale (Meligy, 1987) to assess aggressive behaviors. The Children Aggressive Behaviors Scale consists of "22" statements. Each statement has a score ranged from 0 to 3 as the following: much (3), little (2), rarely (1) and very rarely (0). The total scores were ranged from "0-66" scoring system of the children was classified into:
Score from 0 < 22 referred to negative aggressive behavior.
Score from 22 < 44 referred to verbal aggressive behavior.
Score from 44 ≤ 66 referred to physical aggressive behavior.
3) Physical assessment sheet to assess patterns of child abuse in pediatric health care settings (physical, verbal, neglect and maltreatment ….ect) (Welsh and Shmuel, 2008). That was designed and applied by the investigator to assess the actual patterns of child abuse in pediatric health care settings by the nurses during their nursing care.
I- Technical design:
1. Research Design:
This study is a descriptive design aimed to assess the children's patterns of abuse in pediatric health care settings.
2. Research Setting:
This study was conducted at both outpatient and in-patient pediatric departments (Medicine, surgery and critical care units) at children's hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospitals.
3. Subject:
A Purposive sample composed of 100 children in addition to 100 nurses working at the previously mentioned setting. The inclusion criteria of the study involved children from both gender, aged from 7 to 17 years. Mother of the studied children were questioned when necessary to confirm certain knowledge about their children.
4-Tools of data collection:
1) A questionnaire sheet:
A questionnaire was designed by the investigator after reviewing related literature and it was written in simple Arabic language which covered the following:
a. Characteristic of the studied sample (e.g. age, gender, level of education, …ect)
b. Child history of abuse (age at time of abuse, duration, causes of abuse and patterns ….ect)
c. Data related to the studied sample knowledge about abuse (definition of abuse, patterns of abuse and causes…ect).
A correct answers scored of 2 for the complete correct answers and 1& zero for incorrect answers and don't know respectively for each area of knowledge. The scores of the items were summed-up and the total was divided by number of the items, giving a mean score for the item. Then the total score of knowledge was classified into either good (65% and more), average (50%: < 65%) and poor (< 50% score).
2) Psychometric assessment to measure psychological problems of the abused children through:
2.1. Arabic Version of Children Manifest Anxiety Scale to assess degree of severity of anxiety symptoms (Abd El Hameed and El Nail, 1991). It aimed to assess the degree of severity of anxiety symptoms of children. The anxiety scale consists of "36" statements. In each statement, the child was asked to answer with "Yes" or "No". Scores "Zero" if the answer is no and "one" if the answer is yes. The total scores were ranged from "0-36". Then the total anxiety level was classified into either.
No anxiety symptoms (score zero)
Mild anxiety symptoms (score from 1: 12)
Moderate anxiety symptoms (score from 13: 24)
Severe anxiety symptoms (score from 25: 36)
2.2. Cooper Smith Self-esteem Inventory to measure self-esteem (Mosa and El Dosoki, 1987). It aimed to assess the degree of self-esteem level of children. The self-esteem scale consists of "24" statements. Each statement, the child answered "Yes" or "No". Scores "Zero" if the answer is no and "one" if the answer is yes. The total scores were ranged from "0-24". Scoring system of Self-esteem of the children was classified into:
Score from 0 < 8 referred to low self-esteem.
Score from 8 < 16 referred to moderate self-esteem
Score from 16 < 24 referred to high self-esteem
2.3. Children Aggressive Behaviors Scale (Meligy, 1987) to assess aggressive behaviors. The Children Aggressive Behaviors Scale consists of "22" statements. Each statement has a score ranged from 0 to 3 as the following: much (3), little (2), rarely (1) and very rarely (0). The total scores were ranged from "0-66" scoring system of the children was classified into:
Score from 0 < 22 referred to negative aggressive behavior.
Score from 22 < 44 referred to verbal aggressive behavior.
Score from 44 ≤ 66 referred to physical aggressive behavior.
3) Physical assessment sheet to assess patterns of child abuse in pediatric health care settings (physical, verbal, neglect and maltreatment ….ect) (Welsh and Shmuel, 2008). That was designed and applied by the investigator to assess the actual patterns of child abuse in pediatric health care settings by the nurses during their nursing care.
Other data
| Title | Assessment of Children's Patterns of Abuse in Pediatric Health Care Settings | Other Titles | دراسة تقييمية لأنماط قهر الأطفال في أماكن الرعاية الصحية للأطفال | Authors | Sherifa Mahmoud Ibrahim | Issue Date | 2014 |
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