Potential New Tumor Markers in Early Detection and Surveillance of Cancer Bladder

Abstract

Multiple tumor markers has been introduced to early detection of cancer bladder and early detection of recurrence of non muscle invasive and muscle invasive urothelial cancer bladder, these are 3 types: the first is proteomic urine markers which some of them has gained the approval of FDA which is BTA stat, BTA TRAK, ImmunoCyt, NMP22, UroVysion. and some of them still under more investigations and trial to gain the FDA approval.The second tumor markers is genetic alteration which still in ongoing trials to be approved in cancer bladder like mutation in FGFR3, RAS genes, and PIK3CA, the third ones is the epigenetic markers which is hypermethylation of the DNA (CpG island) which like Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), Ras association(RalGDS/AF-6)domain family member 1 (RASSF1A),Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), biomineralization protein SpP16. (p16), Retinoic Acid Receptor beta(RARß), E-cadherin, myosin IIIA.(MYO3A), carbonic anhydrase 10 protien coding gene (CA10), NK6 homeobox 2 (NKX6-2), deleted in bladder cancer 1 (DBC1) and SRY-box containing gene 11 (SOX11), and also still under going t