Types of surface defects and incidence of fracture after root canal preparation using different single file systems at different torque settings using SEM (In vitro study)

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate types of surface defects and incidence of fracture after root canal preparation using different single file systems at different torque settings. Forty eight lower first permanent molar were collected and stored in purified filtered water. Facial and proximal radiographic views were taken to determine root curvature, average (mild, moderate and sever). By Schneider method using mage J