Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) are relatively common disorders, although the true incidence and prevalence of these disorders is difficult to assess. They are the result of major disturbances in the development, formation or fusion of the Müllerian or Para-mesonephric ducts during fetal life. Clinicians should be suspicious for Müllerian anomalies in cases of primary amenorrhea, pelvic pain, and certain adverse obstetrical outcomes. Establishing an accurate diagnosis is essential for planning treatment and management strategies. Accurate diagnosis of MDA and its subtypes is crucial as the surgical approach for correction of müllerian duct anomalies is specific to the type of malformation and may vary in a specific group. Also, diagnosis is clinically important because of the high associated risk of infertility, endometriosis, and miscarriage. MDAs are a complex and broad spectrum of developmental anomalies that can manifest in a variety of both clinical and imaging scenarios. While MDAs might have been initially detected at HSG during investigation of infertility or at US, MR imaging was the imaging modality of choice due to its reliability and accuracy. On identification of an MDA, radiologists should also look for associated renal; which were identified at the time pelvic MR imaging was performed.

Abstract

Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) includes snoring, upper airway resistance syndromes (UARS), mild, moderate, and severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and a myriad of chronic illness-related sleep disorders such as hypoventilation syndromes and Cheyne Stokes breathing (Davidson,2005). The surgeon’ diagnostic challenge is to determine the severity of the illness, the underlying anatomic obstructions, and then decide who requires continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and who might benefit from surgical intervention, both for snoring and for OSA (Davidson, 2005). As the interest in sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) had increased, various attempts had been made to assess the upper airway anatomy in patients with this relatively frequent disorder (Friedman, 2009). Upper airway shape is critical in determining airflow and the function of upper airway muscles. Cross-sectional area is critical in determining upper airway resistance(Leiter, 1996). From the surgical viewpoint, the clear establishment of the obstructive sites is essential for the planning of effective treatment