Non - INVASIVE CARDIAC OUTPUT MONITORING

Abstract

Cardiac output can be measured using invasive techniques such as:

- Fick principle.

-Continuous mixed venous oximetry. I -Bradley method.

-Indicator dilution principle:

As dye dilution and thermodilution techniques.

-Systemic arterial pressure pulse contour analysis.

Most of these techniques require insertion of pulmonary artery catheter (PAC), which is unfortunately associated with serious complications and requires special experience and skills.

Recently, non-invasive methods for cardiac output monitoring arise independent of PAC

with decreased risks and complications. Among these non-invasive methods:

-Ballistocardiography:

This technique has not become popular.

-Roentgenographic methods:

By using X-Ray pictures.

-Radionuclide imaging ventriculography:

By using radioactive isotopes.

-Ultrasound-based methods:

*Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).

*Transcutaneous suprasternal Doppler.

*Transtracheal Doppler.

-Thoracic Electrical Bioimpedance (TEB):

Impedance Plethysmography and impedance based endotracheal cardiac output monitoring.

Nowadays,a new non-invasive method for cardiac output monitoring was created using the partial C02 rebreathing tick principle, it is totally non-invasive and is so easy to perform just by connecting the monitor to the endotracheal tube.