Chemistry and treatment of surface and ground water using Nanotechnology at desert fringes in Sohag governorate-Egypt.

Abstract

The present work deals with the study of the possibility of using synthetic nanopowders and nanocomposites for the treatment of polluted water resources at desert fringes in Sohag Governorate, The studied area covers that part of the Nile valley extended from the southern edge of Qena Governorate at latitude 26˚ 15`N to the northern edge of Assiut Governorate at latitude 26˚ 57`N. It is bounded between longitudes 31˚ 14` and 32˚ 00`E, where the area of study covering an area of about 1884.7 Km2. Also, this study is concerned with the evaluation of the hydrochemical setting of water resources (surface and ground water) to assess the hydrochemical processes affecting water quality (leaching, dissolution, cation exchange,….etc). In addition, genesis, mineralization, geochemical evolution, hydrochemical modeling and statistical analysis and evaluation of ground water for different uses had also been discussed. The main results of the present study can be summarized as follows: Chapter I: Introduction and objective of investigation This chapter included the literature survey, climatic conditions, geomorphology, geology and definition of the existing aquifers. In addition, the different techniques and instruments and synthesis of nanopowders and nanocomposites used in treatment of polluted surface and ground water samples were reported. Chapter II: Material and methods This included the materials and methods used in the analysis of the surface and ground water samples, preparation and characterization of nanopowders and nanocomposites are recorded. Chapter III: Water chemistry This chapter included the study of surface and ground water of Sohag Governorate on the basis of physical and chemical properties as follows:-

1. According to water salinity: All Nile River, irrigation canals and 75% of drains water samples lied in the fresh zone, while, (55%, 42% and 3%) and (60%, 40% and 0%) of the Pleistocene and Eocene aquifers ground water lied in the fresh, brackish and saline zone, respectively. 2. Water pollution: According to inorganic pollutants, the Nile River had 20% water samples polluted as they have Al3+, NO3- and NH3 concentrations more than the permissible limit, while 82%, 76%, 71%, 59% and 6% of the irrigation canals water samples were polluted, as they had Fe2+, NH3, NO3-, Al3+ and Cd2+, respectively, more than the permissible limit of pollution. But for drains water samples 87.5%, 87%, 50%, 37.5%, 37.5% and 25% for NH3, NO3-, Al3+, Fe2+, pb2+ and B3+, respectively, more than the permissible limit of pollution. On the other hand, 75%, 32%, 23%, 18%, 14%, 13%, 10%, 8% and 1% of the Pleistocene aquifer samples were polluted, as they had pb2+, Fe2+, B3+, Al3+, Mn2+, Cr3+, NO3-, NH3 and Mo2+, respectively, more than the permissible limit of pollution; while 60%, 40%, 20%, 20% and 20% of the Eocene aquifer ground water samples are polluted, as they had NO3-, NH3, Fe2+, Mn2+ and Al3+, respectively, more than the permissible limit of pollution.