Quality Control Study on Certain Herbal Products for Gastro-intestinal Disorders in Egypt
Salma Mahmoud Raafat Kandil;
Abstract
With the ever-increasing use of herbal medicines worldwide and the rapid expansion of the global market for these products, the safety and quality of herbal medicinal products have become a major concern for health authorities, pharmaceutical industries and the public (Organization 2007).
From time to time, undesirable and/or undeclared substances have been present or have been purported to be present in herbal medicines or medicinal plants in many parts of the world. These substances have included pesticides, radioactive particles, and microbes, including pathogens, mycotoxins, heavy metals.(Organization 2007).
Three herbal teas' laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal tea and Calm tea were chosen as examples of herbal teas and subjected to certain quality control tests, along with their individual constituents.
Literature was collected around their phytochemical constituents and their biological activity. Data obtained were tabulated and quality control tests, and their results were summarized.
7.1. Microscopical Examination:
7.1.1. Anti-Diarrheal tea:
As indicated on the package, each two gm packet contains Achillea leaves, Verbascum flowers, Hibiscus flowers, Chamomile flower heads, Chicory leaves, Basil leaves and Vine leaves. The microscopical examination confirms the presence of the diagnostic elements of the constituents with no substitution.
The main diagnostic elements are:
1- Non glandular trichome of Achillea leaves.
2- Candelabra hairs of Verbascum flowers.
3- Tortuous fiber and Fibers associated with Parenchyma cells filled with Calcium oxalate crystals of Hibiscus flowers.
4- Pollen grains which are fairly small, spherical with three pores and a spiny and warty exine of Chamomile flower heads.
5- Leaf epidermis in surface view provided with anomocytic stomata and Non-glandular multicellular covering trichome of chicory leaves.
6- Yellowish-brown glandular trichome and non glandular multicellular, uniseriate trichome of Basil leaves.
7- Clusters crystals of calcium oxalate attached to veins, acicular crystals of calcium oxalate (Raphide crystals) and spiral lignifications of xylem vessels of vine leaves.
7.1.2. Laxative tea:
As indicated on the package, each two gm packet contains Senna leaves, Chamomile flower heads, Fennel fruits, Dill fruits, Coriander fruits, Anise fruits and Liquorice roots. The microscopical examination confirms mixing of Senna leaves with Senna fruit; it can be detected from fibrous layer of endocarp of senna fruit and also show the diagnostic elements of the constituents.
1- Senna leaf shows numerous paracytic stomata are present and unicellular covering trichomes are also fairly abundant. Both epidermises also have cicatrices where the trichomes. The calcium oxalate crystals which are very abundant; they occur as prisms in the cells of the parenchymatous sheath surrounding the groups of fibers.
2- Pollen grains which are fairly small, spherical with three pores and a spiny and warty exine of Chamomile flower heads.
3- The numerous brown fragments of the vittae of Fennel fruit and innermost layer and reticulate parenchyma of the mesocarp.
4- The brown fragments of the vittae of Dill fruit.
5- Brown fragments of the vittae Layers of wavy sclerenchyma from the mesocarp and Lignified parenchyma of the mesocarp and underlaying endodermis showing parquetry arrangement of Coriander fruit.
6- The covering trichomes detached from the epicarp and conical branched vittae, and endocarp adhere together of Anise fruit.
7- Fibers occur in groups, surrounded by a calcium oxalate prism sheath and the fairly abundant fragments of orange-brown cork cells of Liquorice root.
7.1.3.Calm tea:
As indicated on the package, each 1.5 gm packet contains Marjoram leaves, Caraway fruits, Anise fruits, Dill fruits, chamomile flower heads, Fennel fruits and Liquorice roots. The microscopical examination confirms the presence of the diagnostic elements of the constituents with no substitution or adulteration.
1- Pollen grains which are fairly small, spherical with three pores and a spiny and warty exine of Chamomile flower heads.
2- The numerous brown fragments of the vittae of Fennel fruit and innermost layer and reticulate parenchyma of the mesocarp.
3- The brown fragments of the vittae of Dill fruit.
4- The covering trichomes detached from the epicarp and conical branched vittae, and endocarp adhere together of Anise fruit.
5- Fibers occur in groups, surrounded by a calcium oxalate prism sheath and the fairly abundant fragments of orange-brown cork cells of Liquorice root.
6- The fairly numerous brown fragments of vittae of Caraway fruit.
7- Upper epidermis showing cells with sinuous to wavy walls, occasional beading glandular trichomes which are typical labiates type of Marjoram leaves.
8- Covering trichomes uniseriate with from two to six cells, conical and bluntly pointed apex and curved at the apex marjoram leaves.
Achillea leaves show fibrous layer of bract and pollen grains, which are belonging to flower. It is possible because leaves powder can contain cells from flowering tops.
Anti-diarrheal tea contains all plant's components without altering, although no altering in components of herbal tea achillea leaves show mixing with its flowers as shown in figure 15.b. Pollen grains fairly small, spherical and spiny and 15.c. Fibrous layer of the keel of the bract.
Vine leaves were absent in two tea bags in the same box while other tea bags in the same box and other boxes with different batch number show presence of all components.
7.2. Detection of Chemical, Microbial Contaminants and Determination of Certain Pharmacopeial Constants:
7.2.1. Chemical contaminants:
7.2.1.a. Detection of pesticide residue:
Thirteen pesticides were studied for identification and quantification. The detected residues organochlorine pesticides included: alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, delta-HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, aldrin, gamma chlordane, dieldrin, p,p-DDE, endrin, o.p-DDT, p, p-DDD and p,p-DDt.
Results of analysis of Laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal tea and Calm tea by GC analysis indicate the presence of pesticide residue p.p-DDT in concentration of 0.0003, 0.003 and 0.0025 mg/kg respectively. While Heptachlor present in laxative tea and Anti-Diarrheal tea with concentrations of 0.0028 and 0.004 mg/kg respectively. Laxative tea also indicated to contain dieldrin pesticide residue 0.001 mg/kg and Calm tea shows other two pesticides, which are Heptachlor –epox and o.p-DDT in a concentration of 0.0034 and 0.0013 mg/kg respectively. From results, all herbal tea samples containing pesticide residue in concentrations lower than the minimum acceptable limit. However, it cannot be absolutely safe in any does or for any period of consumption because many pesticides tend to accumulate in the body particularly in fat cells.
7.2.1.b. Detection of certain microelements and heavy metals:
Samples have different batch numbers of Laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal teal and Calm tea collected from different pharmacies for analysis of Heavy metals. Determination of heavy metals in samples was performed according to AOAC 1995, Using wet digestion method as mentioned in 3.3.1. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method(AOAC 1995) .Daily intake dose (μg/kg b. wt) of each element was calculated. Results obtained show presence of Copper in laxative tea, anti- diarrheal tea and calm tea with concentration of 5.327, 10.495 and 11.361 mg/kg correspondingly. Zinc and ferric also present in laxative tea with a concentration of 8.925 and 18.23 mg/kg respectively. Anti-Diarrheal tea contains zinc with concentration of 9.185 mg/kg and ferric in concentration of 22.42mg/kg . 42mg / kg Calm tea contains 8.166mg/kg Zinc and 17.54mg/kg Ferrous. While Cadmium and Lead are absent in all preparations. Comparing the daily intake dose with the acceptable daily levels, it is concluded that the levels of Copper and Zinc haven't exceeded the maximum acceptable limits.
7.2.2. Microbial Contaminants:
Microbial contaminants are determined by measuring total viable aerobic bacterial count, total fungal count and total coliform (pathogenic) count. Analysis was carried out through two methods pour plate method and Serial dilution method.
From the results obtained in Pour Plate method, clearly all samples of Laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal tea and Calm tea do not exceed the acceptable limits of total bacterial count and total coliform count, while laxative tea and Anti-Diarrheal tea exceed the acceptable limits of fungal (yeast) count according to FIP. As long as, herbal teas are pretreated with boiling water before administration, this may reduce the fungal (yeast) count.
From the results of Serial Dilution method, clearly according to FIP, all samples of herbal teas exceeded the acceptable limits of Fungal (yeast) and Pathogenic bacteria (E.coli).
Results obtained from both Pour Plate, and Serial Dilution methods are not exceeded the acceptable limits according to WHO measurements.
7.2.3 Detection of Aflatoxins:
These are four major aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) (Eaton and Groopman 1994). The most potent hepatocarcinogen in the aflatoxins is B1. HPLC used for detection and quantitative estimation of aflatoxins, the total concentration of aflatoxins in batch X, Y and Z of Laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal and Calm teas is (1.25 μg/kg) , (0.52 μg/kg) and (3.43 μg/kg) respectively which is much lower than the acceptable limits. Aflatoxins are poorly soluble in water (10-20 μg/ml), resist destructions by high temperature i.e are not destroyed when boiling water is poured on herbal tea (200).
However, there is no risk of aflatoxicosis on human health due to low concentrations of aflatoxins in samples of Laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal and Calm teas.
7.2.4. Determination of Certain Pharmacopeial Constants:
Determination of total ash, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash in individual components of herbal preparations carried out according to the Egyptian Pharmacopeia. Pharmacopeial constant is very important as these values should be constant for each plant material, and it could be used as a mean to detect any commercial cheating as adulteration or substitution. The obtained values of total ash, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash of Senna, Liqourice, Chamomile, Fennel and Coriander are not exceeding the recorded values of the Egyptian Pharmacopoeia, and this indicates that there is no adulteration or substitution in these plant materials, and that it conforms the Pharmacopoeial constants. The value of acid insoluble ash refers to the extent of the presence of dust particles, and from the results, it can be seen that the value of acid insoluble ash of Anise and Caraway are higher than the accepted limits listed in Pharmacopoeia, these higher values may be due to the presence of dust particles.
7.3. Analysis of Essential oils:
Nine dried plant materials (Achillea flowers, Anise fruit, Basil leaves, Caraway fruit, Chamomile, Coriander fruit, Dill fruit, Fennel fruit and Marjoram leaves) were obtained from their company.
A sample of 100gm from each plant was subjected to hydrodistillation. The distilled oils until analyzed by GC/MS (Office. 1984).
The chemical analysis of essential oils was done by Gas Chromatography coupled with a Flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for quantitative analysis and Gas Chromatography coupled with mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) for identification of compounds.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.066 v/w % and major constituents of Achillea oil were Chamazulene 22.99%, Estragol 22.29%, Caryophyllene oxide 11.98%, β-Caryophyllene9.58% and Carvone7.68%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.11 v/w and major constituents of Chamomile flowers were α-Bisabolol oxide B 69.55%, α-Bisabolol oxide B 8.87%, α-Bisabolol 8.58%, z)-β-Farnesene 4.76% and Chamazulene 0.78%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.29 v/w% and major constituents of Basil leaves were Methyl Cinnamate 28.90%, Linalool 16.71%, Eugenol 8.39% and Estragole 6.99%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.25%, major constituents of Marjoram leaves were L-terpinen-4-ol 33.99%, α-Terpineol 15.01%, Anethole14.86%, Spathuleno l6.40%, cis-β-Terpineol 5.03% and Carvone 4.08%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.79 v/w% and major constituents of Dill fruit were Camphor 53.64%, Carvone 33.56%, Dihydrocarvone 2.33%, Piperitone 2.25% and Dill apiole 2.21%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.53 v/w% and major constituents of Fennel fruit were Anethol 72.15%, Estragole 21.59%, Isosylvestrene 2.11% and Fenchone1.34%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.21 v/w and the major constituents of Coriander fruit were Methyl Chavicol /Estragole 70.93% Linalool13.8% Carvone5.48% and (-) Terpinen-4-ol 1.22%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.37 v/w% and the major constituents of Anise fruit were Anethole 93.52%, α-Longipinene 3.06% and p-Allylanisole 1.08%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.43 v/w% and major constituents of Caraway fruit were Carvol 82.62%, (+) - Limonene 9.14%, Estragole/Methylchavicol 4.30% and Trans- Carveol 0.51%.
From time to time, undesirable and/or undeclared substances have been present or have been purported to be present in herbal medicines or medicinal plants in many parts of the world. These substances have included pesticides, radioactive particles, and microbes, including pathogens, mycotoxins, heavy metals.(Organization 2007).
Three herbal teas' laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal tea and Calm tea were chosen as examples of herbal teas and subjected to certain quality control tests, along with their individual constituents.
Literature was collected around their phytochemical constituents and their biological activity. Data obtained were tabulated and quality control tests, and their results were summarized.
7.1. Microscopical Examination:
7.1.1. Anti-Diarrheal tea:
As indicated on the package, each two gm packet contains Achillea leaves, Verbascum flowers, Hibiscus flowers, Chamomile flower heads, Chicory leaves, Basil leaves and Vine leaves. The microscopical examination confirms the presence of the diagnostic elements of the constituents with no substitution.
The main diagnostic elements are:
1- Non glandular trichome of Achillea leaves.
2- Candelabra hairs of Verbascum flowers.
3- Tortuous fiber and Fibers associated with Parenchyma cells filled with Calcium oxalate crystals of Hibiscus flowers.
4- Pollen grains which are fairly small, spherical with three pores and a spiny and warty exine of Chamomile flower heads.
5- Leaf epidermis in surface view provided with anomocytic stomata and Non-glandular multicellular covering trichome of chicory leaves.
6- Yellowish-brown glandular trichome and non glandular multicellular, uniseriate trichome of Basil leaves.
7- Clusters crystals of calcium oxalate attached to veins, acicular crystals of calcium oxalate (Raphide crystals) and spiral lignifications of xylem vessels of vine leaves.
7.1.2. Laxative tea:
As indicated on the package, each two gm packet contains Senna leaves, Chamomile flower heads, Fennel fruits, Dill fruits, Coriander fruits, Anise fruits and Liquorice roots. The microscopical examination confirms mixing of Senna leaves with Senna fruit; it can be detected from fibrous layer of endocarp of senna fruit and also show the diagnostic elements of the constituents.
1- Senna leaf shows numerous paracytic stomata are present and unicellular covering trichomes are also fairly abundant. Both epidermises also have cicatrices where the trichomes. The calcium oxalate crystals which are very abundant; they occur as prisms in the cells of the parenchymatous sheath surrounding the groups of fibers.
2- Pollen grains which are fairly small, spherical with three pores and a spiny and warty exine of Chamomile flower heads.
3- The numerous brown fragments of the vittae of Fennel fruit and innermost layer and reticulate parenchyma of the mesocarp.
4- The brown fragments of the vittae of Dill fruit.
5- Brown fragments of the vittae Layers of wavy sclerenchyma from the mesocarp and Lignified parenchyma of the mesocarp and underlaying endodermis showing parquetry arrangement of Coriander fruit.
6- The covering trichomes detached from the epicarp and conical branched vittae, and endocarp adhere together of Anise fruit.
7- Fibers occur in groups, surrounded by a calcium oxalate prism sheath and the fairly abundant fragments of orange-brown cork cells of Liquorice root.
7.1.3.Calm tea:
As indicated on the package, each 1.5 gm packet contains Marjoram leaves, Caraway fruits, Anise fruits, Dill fruits, chamomile flower heads, Fennel fruits and Liquorice roots. The microscopical examination confirms the presence of the diagnostic elements of the constituents with no substitution or adulteration.
1- Pollen grains which are fairly small, spherical with three pores and a spiny and warty exine of Chamomile flower heads.
2- The numerous brown fragments of the vittae of Fennel fruit and innermost layer and reticulate parenchyma of the mesocarp.
3- The brown fragments of the vittae of Dill fruit.
4- The covering trichomes detached from the epicarp and conical branched vittae, and endocarp adhere together of Anise fruit.
5- Fibers occur in groups, surrounded by a calcium oxalate prism sheath and the fairly abundant fragments of orange-brown cork cells of Liquorice root.
6- The fairly numerous brown fragments of vittae of Caraway fruit.
7- Upper epidermis showing cells with sinuous to wavy walls, occasional beading glandular trichomes which are typical labiates type of Marjoram leaves.
8- Covering trichomes uniseriate with from two to six cells, conical and bluntly pointed apex and curved at the apex marjoram leaves.
Achillea leaves show fibrous layer of bract and pollen grains, which are belonging to flower. It is possible because leaves powder can contain cells from flowering tops.
Anti-diarrheal tea contains all plant's components without altering, although no altering in components of herbal tea achillea leaves show mixing with its flowers as shown in figure 15.b. Pollen grains fairly small, spherical and spiny and 15.c. Fibrous layer of the keel of the bract.
Vine leaves were absent in two tea bags in the same box while other tea bags in the same box and other boxes with different batch number show presence of all components.
7.2. Detection of Chemical, Microbial Contaminants and Determination of Certain Pharmacopeial Constants:
7.2.1. Chemical contaminants:
7.2.1.a. Detection of pesticide residue:
Thirteen pesticides were studied for identification and quantification. The detected residues organochlorine pesticides included: alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, delta-HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide, aldrin, gamma chlordane, dieldrin, p,p-DDE, endrin, o.p-DDT, p, p-DDD and p,p-DDt.
Results of analysis of Laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal tea and Calm tea by GC analysis indicate the presence of pesticide residue p.p-DDT in concentration of 0.0003, 0.003 and 0.0025 mg/kg respectively. While Heptachlor present in laxative tea and Anti-Diarrheal tea with concentrations of 0.0028 and 0.004 mg/kg respectively. Laxative tea also indicated to contain dieldrin pesticide residue 0.001 mg/kg and Calm tea shows other two pesticides, which are Heptachlor –epox and o.p-DDT in a concentration of 0.0034 and 0.0013 mg/kg respectively. From results, all herbal tea samples containing pesticide residue in concentrations lower than the minimum acceptable limit. However, it cannot be absolutely safe in any does or for any period of consumption because many pesticides tend to accumulate in the body particularly in fat cells.
7.2.1.b. Detection of certain microelements and heavy metals:
Samples have different batch numbers of Laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal teal and Calm tea collected from different pharmacies for analysis of Heavy metals. Determination of heavy metals in samples was performed according to AOAC 1995, Using wet digestion method as mentioned in 3.3.1. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method(AOAC 1995) .Daily intake dose (μg/kg b. wt) of each element was calculated. Results obtained show presence of Copper in laxative tea, anti- diarrheal tea and calm tea with concentration of 5.327, 10.495 and 11.361 mg/kg correspondingly. Zinc and ferric also present in laxative tea with a concentration of 8.925 and 18.23 mg/kg respectively. Anti-Diarrheal tea contains zinc with concentration of 9.185 mg/kg and ferric in concentration of 22.42mg/kg . 42mg / kg Calm tea contains 8.166mg/kg Zinc and 17.54mg/kg Ferrous. While Cadmium and Lead are absent in all preparations. Comparing the daily intake dose with the acceptable daily levels, it is concluded that the levels of Copper and Zinc haven't exceeded the maximum acceptable limits.
7.2.2. Microbial Contaminants:
Microbial contaminants are determined by measuring total viable aerobic bacterial count, total fungal count and total coliform (pathogenic) count. Analysis was carried out through two methods pour plate method and Serial dilution method.
From the results obtained in Pour Plate method, clearly all samples of Laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal tea and Calm tea do not exceed the acceptable limits of total bacterial count and total coliform count, while laxative tea and Anti-Diarrheal tea exceed the acceptable limits of fungal (yeast) count according to FIP. As long as, herbal teas are pretreated with boiling water before administration, this may reduce the fungal (yeast) count.
From the results of Serial Dilution method, clearly according to FIP, all samples of herbal teas exceeded the acceptable limits of Fungal (yeast) and Pathogenic bacteria (E.coli).
Results obtained from both Pour Plate, and Serial Dilution methods are not exceeded the acceptable limits according to WHO measurements.
7.2.3 Detection of Aflatoxins:
These are four major aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) (Eaton and Groopman 1994). The most potent hepatocarcinogen in the aflatoxins is B1. HPLC used for detection and quantitative estimation of aflatoxins, the total concentration of aflatoxins in batch X, Y and Z of Laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal and Calm teas is (1.25 μg/kg) , (0.52 μg/kg) and (3.43 μg/kg) respectively which is much lower than the acceptable limits. Aflatoxins are poorly soluble in water (10-20 μg/ml), resist destructions by high temperature i.e are not destroyed when boiling water is poured on herbal tea (200).
However, there is no risk of aflatoxicosis on human health due to low concentrations of aflatoxins in samples of Laxative tea, Anti-Diarrheal and Calm teas.
7.2.4. Determination of Certain Pharmacopeial Constants:
Determination of total ash, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash in individual components of herbal preparations carried out according to the Egyptian Pharmacopeia. Pharmacopeial constant is very important as these values should be constant for each plant material, and it could be used as a mean to detect any commercial cheating as adulteration or substitution. The obtained values of total ash, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash of Senna, Liqourice, Chamomile, Fennel and Coriander are not exceeding the recorded values of the Egyptian Pharmacopoeia, and this indicates that there is no adulteration or substitution in these plant materials, and that it conforms the Pharmacopoeial constants. The value of acid insoluble ash refers to the extent of the presence of dust particles, and from the results, it can be seen that the value of acid insoluble ash of Anise and Caraway are higher than the accepted limits listed in Pharmacopoeia, these higher values may be due to the presence of dust particles.
7.3. Analysis of Essential oils:
Nine dried plant materials (Achillea flowers, Anise fruit, Basil leaves, Caraway fruit, Chamomile, Coriander fruit, Dill fruit, Fennel fruit and Marjoram leaves) were obtained from their company.
A sample of 100gm from each plant was subjected to hydrodistillation. The distilled oils until analyzed by GC/MS (Office. 1984).
The chemical analysis of essential oils was done by Gas Chromatography coupled with a Flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for quantitative analysis and Gas Chromatography coupled with mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) for identification of compounds.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.066 v/w % and major constituents of Achillea oil were Chamazulene 22.99%, Estragol 22.29%, Caryophyllene oxide 11.98%, β-Caryophyllene9.58% and Carvone7.68%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.11 v/w and major constituents of Chamomile flowers were α-Bisabolol oxide B 69.55%, α-Bisabolol oxide B 8.87%, α-Bisabolol 8.58%, z)-β-Farnesene 4.76% and Chamazulene 0.78%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.29 v/w% and major constituents of Basil leaves were Methyl Cinnamate 28.90%, Linalool 16.71%, Eugenol 8.39% and Estragole 6.99%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.25%, major constituents of Marjoram leaves were L-terpinen-4-ol 33.99%, α-Terpineol 15.01%, Anethole14.86%, Spathuleno l6.40%, cis-β-Terpineol 5.03% and Carvone 4.08%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.79 v/w% and major constituents of Dill fruit were Camphor 53.64%, Carvone 33.56%, Dihydrocarvone 2.33%, Piperitone 2.25% and Dill apiole 2.21%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.53 v/w% and major constituents of Fennel fruit were Anethol 72.15%, Estragole 21.59%, Isosylvestrene 2.11% and Fenchone1.34%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.21 v/w and the major constituents of Coriander fruit were Methyl Chavicol /Estragole 70.93% Linalool13.8% Carvone5.48% and (-) Terpinen-4-ol 1.22%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.37 v/w% and the major constituents of Anise fruit were Anethole 93.52%, α-Longipinene 3.06% and p-Allylanisole 1.08%.
Concentration percentage yield of essential oil was 0.43 v/w% and major constituents of Caraway fruit were Carvol 82.62%, (+) - Limonene 9.14%, Estragole/Methylchavicol 4.30% and Trans- Carveol 0.51%.
Other data
| Title | Quality Control Study on Certain Herbal Products for Gastro-intestinal Disorders in Egypt | Other Titles | دراسة في مراقبة الجودة لبعض المستحضرات العشبية المستخدمة في علاج إضطرابات المعدة والأمعاء في مصر | Authors | Salma Mahmoud Raafat Kandil | Issue Date | 2014 |
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