Relation of High Flow Access for Hemodialysis with High Cardiac Output Failure

Abstract

CKD is not an uncommon disease among population worldwide. Once GFR deteriorates to a certain level, renal replacement therapy becomes mandatory, that includes either renal transplantation or more commonly hemodialysis. Hemodialysis imposes the need of an efficiently functioning vascular access. Native AVF still is the widely used vascular access due to its longevity and decreased risk of morbidity and mortality than other types of vascular access. Even though native AVF still has many complications that must be taken into consideration, one of them with the most deleterious implication on the body generally and the heart specifically is the High flow Access. HFA implement harmful effect on cardiac structure and functions increasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Arteriovenous fistula decreases systemic vascular resistance, causing increased stroke volume and cardiac output in order to maintain blood pressure, and this can cause left ventricular volume overload and eccentric left