SpeCies And Gender Identification of Bloodstains

Abstract

It is essential for forensic scientists to did use information as much as possible from bloodstains at the scene or on the clothes of suspected persons, therefore a number of techniques including immunologic and biomedical are frequently used in determining and identifying various characteristics of bloodstains, these include histological, chemical, immunological, species, sex determination, age of stain, and if possible race and nature of stain.

The first step in bloodstain examination is to determine whether a stain is actually of blood origin. Preliminary and confirmatory tests for this purpose generally depend on the demonstration of heme or its peroxidase activity. Following identification of a stain as blood, suitable tests may be conducted to determine the species. Numerous immunological methods, such as the precipitin test; immunodiffusion tests and immunoelectrophoresis have been -- developed using antisera specific for proteins contained in human blood. In recent years enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radio immune assay

have also been developed. However, for the determination of other species, it is necessary to use antisera specific for those species

Therefore, it is preferable to develop a rapid and reliable method for the identification of blood, species of origin and sex determination. The current study have been designed to find an accurate, specific, simple, and, economic method for identifying the human hemoglobin in bloodstains as well as identifying the species of bloodstains of some common animals, and also to identify correctly the gender of bloodstains. -