Study of Plasma and Urinary Calprotectin Levels in Type 2 Diabetics with Peripheral Arterial Disease

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease; the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) continues to rise at alarming rate. Worldwide, the figure may reach 629 million by 2040. Egypt is the home of 8.2 million people with diabetes mellitus and estimated to have the 8th order among the countries with highest number of people with diabetes in age group 20-79 years in 2017. Egypt is expected to be number 6 among top ten countries with the highest number of estimated cases of diabetes for 2045. Diabetes mellitus is associated with two to fourfold increased risk of LEPAD, the incidence and extent of PAD was determined by duration and severity of diabetes mellitus. For each 1% increase in A1c the hazard of LEPAD increases by 29%. Most individuals with lower extremities peripheral arterial disease (LEPAD) and diabetes mellitus are asymptomatic that might be explained by concomitant diabetic neuropathy; abnormalities of dorsal pedis pulse are less sensitive for LEPAD. Absence of both dorsalis pedis artery and posterior tibial artery strongly suggest the presence of LEPAD and further diagnostic testing is required.