Plug-in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles and Battery Energy Storage System in Smart Grid Feasibility to Support Decarbonizing

Abstract

A technically handling of several types of emission profiles lead to successful pathways for deep decarbonization. By 2050, 2.1 ton CO2 per capita will be reduced across the many European countries for an optimistic consideration, almost 87% with average emissions relative to 2010. A pathway of replacing the uncontrolled fossil fuel-fired with renewable energy resources such as wind, solar, nuclear, natural gas... etc., in addition to, electrifi¬cation of space, water heating and cooling; and adoption of electric vehicles will help in generating electricity with low- or zero-carbon emissions. It is a necessary condition from a decarbonization point of view to make some fuel shifting for example in electrical, industrial and transport sections. Integrating Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) are showed a challenge in order to solve the uncertain and intermittent behavior by merging them with the batteries storage in the smart grid. Governments encourage the investments in establishing renewable energy plants due to lowering the running costs and attaining significant reduction in CO2 emissions, however the highest capital cost of establishing these renewable energy plants. One of the most important switching technology and a famous application of battery storage systems in the transport and electricity sectors is Electric Vehicles (EVs). These types of vehicles are used for fuel shifting from fossil-burnt fuels to electric motors to drive vehicles. This type is called Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs); another type of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is called Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) where electric motors are combined with Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). Gridable Vehicles (GVs) are considered in the smart grid which act as bidirectional way to be charged and discharged according to a predetermined schedule. The schedule is declared from the deregulated market in response with the announcing prices in the wholesale market. Demand Response (DR) program can be deemed by contributing owners of EVs to share their electricity in any bad situations such as on-peak periods, high prices of electricity or rush hours of loads.