Hybrid multifunctional core/shell g-C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf>@TiO<inf>2</inf> heterojunction nano-catalytic for photodegradation of organic dye and pharmaceutical compounds

Abstract

The pyrolysis of melamine was an effective one-pot method for preparing a nanostructured multifunctional photocatalytic based on core/shell g-C N @TiO heterojunction. Various techniques entirely characterized these materials: X-ray diffraction (XRD) proved to enhance the as-prepared materials’ crystallinity through the variation of dislocation, strain, and crystallite size with TiO loading. The stacked layered/sheet-like with a smooth surface of the as-prepared samples have been shown via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) showed an apparent decrease in the energy bandgap for these nanocomposites with TiO loading. All the prepared materials were subjected to visible photocatalytic applications under the same conditions. The dye model (Methylene Blue, MB), and antibiotic model (Amoxicillin, AMO), was photodegraded using the as-prepared nanocomposites under visible light irradiation. In the recombination reduction among TiO and g-C N interfaces, g-C N has been effectively utilized as a matrix. Our findings proved that g-C N @TiO photocatalysts exhibited superior photocatalytic performance. CNT-5 of 2.58 eV bandgap had a higher activity of 99.7 in 50 min for MB and 100% in 20 min for AMO than the other represented photocatalysts in this work. The migration of photogenerated electrons from a g-C N to TiO via heterojunction among them as g-C N (1 0 1) removes the electrons accumulated on (1 0 1) of TiO , improve the photodegradation efficiency. Therefore, the increase in photocatalytic reaction rates, recycling, and the sample’s photostability can be considered the result of successful interactions among the TiO and g-C N systems. The suggested photodegradation mechanism of MB and AMO was discussed in detail and compared with previously reported work. Therefore, the photodegradation rate of MB and AMO via CNT-5 composite is 6 and 3 times, respectively, higher than that of g-C N under simulated solar irradiation. This research creates a new perspective on the production of nanocomposite materials in the area of treatment of pharmaceutical and dye contaminants. 3 4 2 2 2 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 3 4