Analyse des discours journalistiques : De l'idéologie aux textes. Modèle théorique À l'exemple de la liberté d'expression en Égypte

Abstract

ecent contributions in discourse analysis and textual linguistics have shone excellently in delineating the relationship between text and discourse, in understanding their complexity and complementarity. By taking into account the evolution of post-Aussurean and postmodern research, linguists delimit the various elements that come into play as soon as one begins to produce a text. Likewise, they introduce the interactional reactions between transmitter / receiver making the production / reception operation a continuous dynamic. And, going further, they anchor the necessary contextual elements in this process. In this regard, we are interested in this work in three different directions:

1. the general theory of J-M's text. Adam developed within the framework of the French school since 1990; 2. the notion of ideology as it was recently delimited within the framework of the Anglo-Saxon school by adding our own perception to it; 3. the notions of journalistic value and angle of view borrowed from communication sciences and introduced for the first time in the fields of discourse analysis and textual linguistics.

These three orientations testify to the multidisciplinary nature of our theoretical approach. We admit that a general theory of discourse and of the text cannot pass over in silence any concept which presents itself as indispensable in the definition of their limits; even if this concept is borrowed from other disciplines such as communication sciences, social sciences or even history, as we will see in this book. Discourse analysis draws its theoretical foundations from other disciplines. She is considered the giant who picks up everything he meets on his way and who feels that the thing found concerns him without hesitation. It is a domain dependent on other domains. He lays the groundwork by drawing from them the concepts that suit him and he then uses them in the methodical application of the analyzes. Hence the emergence of the notion of ideology borrowed from philosophy and the social sciences as well as the notions of journalistic value and angle of view. We draw up the complete diagram of our theoretical model which will be a direct and permanent reference for any researcher in this field. In this book, we therefore develop a research methodology applied to journalistic texts. The present study aims to analyze the political news of the Arabic-speaking and French-speaking newspapers of the written press in Egypt from 2000 to 2002, as much in form as in content. More specifically, we are interested in journalistic discourse in Egypt which is historically marked by certain constraints on freedom of expression. However, according to the official speech under the regime of Hosni Mubarak (1981-2011), journalistic practices actually enjoy a very large margin of freedom. Is this manifest in the texts? Our work therefore consists in targeting the most subtle linguistic clues in the texts of our corpus in order not only to demonstrate the presence vs absence of constraints, but also to detect the dominant ideology or ideologies in the newspaper and divisions. the reality of freedom of expression in Egypt. We hear, first, government constraints, but also, second, their corollaries: ideological constraints, censorship or self-censorship.