Modèle d'analyse syntaxico-sémantique de la phrase française

Abstract

Linguists, syntacticians and semanticists have long emphasized the interdependence of semantics and syntax; and, from 1960s, the notion of compositionality was at the heart of syntactic and semantic theories which wanted to formalize the meaning of sentences. According to this notion “the meaning of a compound expression depends only on the meaning of its components and the syntactic rules by which they are combined” (Kamp & Reyle 1993; Janssen 1986; Janssen 1997; Godart-Wendling et al. 1998). The “components” mentioned in this formulation generally correspond to linguistic morphemes (which we will assimilate here to words) and the “compound expressions” to phrases (and therefore also to sentences). (Partee, 1990: 131) From that time on, linguistic models have succeeded which attempt to formally represent this semantic and syntactic compositionality (Chomsky (1971), Gruber (1965), Fillmore (1982), Katz (1972), Lohndal (2014)). In our article, the aim is to present an analysis model applied to the French sentence. We find it effective in the learning process of the native speaker and the non-native speaker from the early stages of their language acquisition and acting as a benchmark guiding their learning up to the highest levels. This analytical model is different from classical methods of traditional grammar based on learning rules and targeting what is correct in the syntactic structure of the sentence. But it is based on the decomposition of syntactic and semantic constituents explaining this phenomenon resulting from our language organ, which is the sentence. Our principle then is the syntaxico-semantic compositionality which constitutes the skeleton of the sentence. Elements related to syntactic shifts and transformations and elements related to meaning but which are related to context (surroundings, utterance situation, text, outside world) are not considered in our article.