Prognostic Value of PD-L1 Tumor Expression in Egyptian Patients with Epithelial Bladder Cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer ranks tenth in worldwide cancer incidence. With 550,000 newly diagnosed cases in 2018. It is the 7th most common cancer in men and the 17th most common cancer in women. In Egypt the incidence rate of cancer bladder in (2008-2011) 6.94% both sexes and (10.7%) among men. Bladder cancer, with the third highest rate of somatic mutations. After lung and melanoma. That expresses high levels of neoantigens and ligands, such as PD-L1, that can inhibit effector T-cell function and T-cell activation. Checkpoint inhibition targets T cell regulation, increasing T cell and antitumor activity by suppressing inhibitor signals, in addition to the previously known T cell receptor (TCR) activation, there are many co-stimulatory and inhibitory molecules on the surface of T cells and that these influence T cell behaviors. The most important of these are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligands (PDL1).