.ANALYSIS OF WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN EGYPT

Abstract

Chapter I is an introduction presenting a background on the water resources system in Egypt: resources versus demands. Water demand management (WDM) is needed since the water system is presently inefficient, water pollution is experienced, and water resources are limited while demands are increasing over time. The objectives of the research are specified in this Chapter. Chapter 2 develops a framework for analysis (i.e. design plus assessment) of WDM strategics looking at various socio-economic, environmental, and political criteria. For strategy assessment, the multi-criteria method, scorecards, optimization techniques, and cost-benefit analysis are compared and criticized. A multi-sectoral cost-benefit method is suggested to work out the optimal level of Wl)M where water scarcity affects more than one sector like agriculture and industry. A discussion is finally made to internalize the social, environmental, and political criteria in the cost-benefit method. Chapter 3 elaborates on the policy objectives driving the need for WDM in Egypt: Economic efficiency and cost recovery, new-lands reclamation and food self-sufficiency, and water pollution control. To meet these policy objectives, a checklist of alternative WDM measures is presented in four categories: technical measures, financial incentives, legal instruments (regulations) and institutional arrangements. The uncertainties (namely: scenario variables) that can face the planner arc also defined. Finally, a design approach for WDM strategies is illustrated.