Solar-Driven Photocatalysis Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Energy Generation

Abstract

Water is considered the most vital natural resource in the environment that is utilized by humans to progress their essential needs and prosperity. At the same time, providing a safe and healthy environment is a great challenge facing the world, especially with the rapid growth of urbanized and industrialized areas. It was estimated that more than three million people die annually as a result of water pollution and lack of sanitation (Pruss-Ustun and Organization 2008). In Egypt, River Nile is considered the main water resource, since the other resources, as non-renewable groundwater and winter rain, demonstrate only about 3% (Moniem 2009). Unfortunately, The pollution of Nile water due to uncontrolled and increased agricultural as well as industrial activities is considered as a great challenge and reasons for dropping down to the process of sustainable water management in Egypt (Abdel-Shafy and Kamel 2016). consequently, the quantity and quality of agricultural production have been affected by using untreated wastewater for irrigation, especially in the Nile Delta, where pollution is the highest(AbdAllah, El-Ramady et al. 2019) . Also, Egypt suffers from a decline in water quantity (AbdAllah, El-Ramady et al. 2019). Due to, the population in Egypt is more than 105 million inhabitants and rising, besides limited water resources, the per capita share is only 630 m3/year which is lower than the global water scarcity limit of 1000 m3/year (AbuZeid and Elrawady 2014). Therefore, the water quality