Dual colorimetric and fluorometric monitoring of Bi³⁺ ions in water using supermicroporous Zr-MOFs chemosensors

Abstract

We fabricated supermicroporous, switchable, colorimetric and fluorometric chemosensors on a Zr-metal–organic framework platform. The chemosensors could be applied in the selective and sensitive colorimetric and fluorometric detection of ultra-trace concentrations of heavy metals, such as Bi3+ ions, in water sources. We fabricated supermicroporous fluorescent chemosensors (SFCs) through direct dressing of rhodamine ethylene–diamine salicylaldehyde (RES), a water-insoluble organic probe, onto Zr-MOFs. The decorated SFCs with uniform super-microchannel pores, long-range intergrowing crystal structure, and active hook surface sheaths act as sensitive and selective chemosensor carriers. The selectivity of the colorimetric and fluorometric sensing assay for Bi3+ ions in a heterogeneous mixture with multiple cations and anions depends on the structure of the RES, the pH of the system, the composition of the competitive ion system, and the process of Bi-to-RES binding, which occurs through a mechanism that involves fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer. Under optimal working conditions, the SFCs showed a wide range of detection for Bi3+ ions, the low detection limit of approximately 10–9 mol/L, and fast response within seconds during binding with the Bi3+ ion target. The long-term stability of SFCs with RES surface functionality enables the practical and multiple reuse/cycles of Bi3+ ion detection.