Serum Glucagon like peptide 1 Level and Peripheral Vascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Incretins are hormones produced by the intestinal mucosa in response to oral intake of nutrients that enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and lower blood glucose levels.. GLP-1 is of particular interest for its glucose-lowering effects, as well as its ability to slow gastric emptying and suppress secretion of glucagon. Diabetes is a complex, chronic illness requiring continuous medical care with multifactorial risk-reduction strategies beyond glycemic control. Ongoing patient self-management education and support are critical to preventing acute complications and reducing the risk of long-term complications. Peripheral Arterial Disease is mainly caused by atherosclerosis and associated thrombosis within the lower limb arteries leading to end organ ischemia. Other causes include vasculitis and in situ thrombosis related to hypercoagulable states. The effects of GLP-1 on increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucose, so the improvement in endothelial function could be by indirect mechanisms. GLP-1 exerts their effects on blood vessels within diverse vascular beds. The vascular actions of GLP-1 in normal or diseased blood vessels may be direct or indirect. Sites of GLP 1 receptor expressed in blood vessels, immune cells, platelets, and hematopoietic cells.