Chemically Modified Precursors Driven from Wastes with Anticipated Industrial Applications Thesis Submitted for the degree of doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Science (In Chemistry)

Abstract

This study represents an example of the optimal utilization of biomass wastes instead of being disposed via improper and environmental-hazardous ways. In the first chapter after the literature review, a series of α,β unsaturated ketones having acylic sugar residue was synthesized along with their hydrazone analogues and investigated by spectral analysis. In addition, the newly synthesized compounds were tested and evaluated as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Results revealed that compound 2d is the most promising antimicrobial agent among the tested compounds and it even exceeds the activity of the used standard antibacterial drug Ampicillin as well as it competes with the standard antifungal drug Amphotericin B, while compound 3b shows potent antioxidant activity in comparison with the used standard drug Trolox. Structure-activity relationship is also discussed.

On the other hand, the main aim of chapter 2 is to prepare and characterize Nitrile butadiene rubber-based vulcanizates filled with different concentrations of Cu-LSF complex, obtained from rice straw pulping black liquor, to evaluate its antioxidant activity via various testing techniques and comparing these vulcanizates with the control sample and with those filled with the commercial antioxidant TMQ or IPPD. All the prepared NBR-based vulcanizates were subjected to evaluate their rheological characteristics, thermal aging, mechanical, swelling and electrical properties in addition to carrying out thermal gravimetric analysis. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of Cu-LSF complex and its NBR-based vulcanizates was evaluated as well. Results revealed that Cu-LSF complex can act as an effective reinforcing, compatibilizer, softener, fluid-resistant, stabilizer and antioxidant agent as well as a potent electric conductor.

In chapter 3, the poly-functional cyano-acetyl urea was utilized in the synthesis of various pyrimidens. These pyrimidines were obtained via different chemical behaviors of the free amino group in its benzothiazole derivative 6 according to the reaction conditions and they were evaluated as antimicrobial agents. Results revealed that compound 7 is the most promising antimicrobial agent among the tested compounds and it competes with the used standard antibacterial drug Ampicillin as well as antifungal drug Amphotericin B.