The Effect of Morning Versus Evening Administration of Empagliflozin on its Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Characteristics in Healthy Adults

Abstract

Chronopharmacology is the branch of science which deals with the effects of drugs and how they vary with endogenous periodicities and biological timing. Knowing any of such circadian rhythm can give more prediction on enhancing efficacy and reducing side effects of the drugs (Singh & Singh, 2017).

Diabetes mellitus is a global health concern; it is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases (Joshua A. Beckman, 2002). According to World Health Organization (WHO): the number of diabetic patients will increase to 6,726,000 by the year of 2030 in Egypt (WHO, 2021).

Empagliflozin dose is given either 10 or 25 mg once daily. According to National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines: SGLT2 inhibitors are indicated as second-line therapy options, along with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, pioglitazone, or sulfonylureas to be used when HbA1c rises above 7.5% on metformin (McGuire et al., 2016). while according to American diabetic association and European heart journal it’s indicated as first line treatment option along with metformin in patients with higher risk of cardiovascular diseases (Cosentino et al., 2020).