Comparative Study of Native or Nano Quercetin on Epigenetic modification and Nephropathy Biomarkers post Challenges in Diabetic Hamsters

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy refers to the deterioration of kidney function seen in chronic T1DM and T2DM patients. DN is not only the most common cause of end-stage renal disease world-wide but also increases the risk of mortality up to fourteen times compared to normoalbuminuric diabetic patients. DN as a microvascular complication of diabetes is undoubtedly one of the main health concerns facing our society. The progression of this disease is known to occur in serious of stages and is linked to hyperglycemia. Genetic and environmental factors also play an important role in the progression of DN. While common pathological features of these diseases are glomerular hemodynamic changes, renal structure abnormalities, oxidative stress as a common mediator and disruption of several metabolic pathways have been thought to partly represent the cascades underlying their characteristic epigenetic alternation. Due to the complexity of these multifactorial disease, current treatment strategies are only useful as symptomatic relief agents for DN and to prevent the progression of diabetes without side effects. Thus, it is necessary to develop safe and more effective therapeutic/preventive strategies to combat these devastating diseases. Consequently, the use of phytochemicals or herbal medicines in fighting chronic disease, in general, and particularly DN is being thoroughly investigated as they are shown to be protective against DN biomarkers, oxidative stress and inflammation.