Nalbuphin as an Adjuvant to Levobupivacaine in Caudal Analgesia in Children

Abstract

One of the primary aims of anesthesia is to alleviate the patient’s pain and agony, by permitting the performance of surgical procedures without any discomfort. Relief of postoperative pain has gained real importance in recent years considering the central, peripheral and immunological stress response to tissue injury. Any expertise acquired in this field should be extended into the postoperative period, which is the period of severe, intolerable pain requiring attention. So there is a need for extended analgesia without any side effects to achieve this goal. There is some evidence that early analgesic may reduce the incidence of chronic pain after surgery via suppression of central neural sensitization before the nociceptive stimulus triggered the activation of pain pathway. Caudal block is increasingly performed in pediatric regional anesthesia practices. It is preferred in order to relieve postoperative pain in children of all age groups undergoing pelvi-abdominal or lower limbs surgeries. Day-case surgical procedures in pediatrics have increased. Therefore, postoperative pain should be effectively relieved in a safe manner. These patients have a shorter hospital stay, and side effects may not be noticed at home. Caudal block has the importance in decreasing consumption of systemic analgesics