Comparative anatomical study of the lingual papillae in different vertebrate species by light and scanning electron microscopes

Abstract

All vertebrate species had a tongue in the oral cavity. Despite its variation in form, it had nearly the main function as an organ for collection and manipulation of the food. The tongue appeared to be adapted to the feeding habits of each animal and varied morphologically and structurally in different vertebrate species. This study was carried out on five groups of different vertebrates: amphibia (frog), reptilia (lizard), aves (chicken) and mammals (rat and human being).