GENETICS, MATERNAL LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ROlE IN PEDIATRIC INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

Abstract

GDD/ID is characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, and is frequently associated with developmental delay and various congenital abnormalities. It has a significant impact on the affected person's life, his family, and society, and it is a relatively common disorder. A wide range of environmental factors, in addition to genetic determinants, can affect brain development. This can occur prenatally, perinatally, or postnatally. Teratogenic exposures, perinatal asphyxia, prenatal and postnatal infection, and nutritional inadequacies are the risk factors responsible for the greatest number of cases worldwide. Because of the significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity, studying intellectual disability is challenging. Intellectual disability can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors that affect the nervous system's development and function. Although environmental exposures can cause intellectual disability, genetic defects account for the majority of cases. Still, around ≈ 60% of cases of Intellectual disability do not have a known etiology.