Electrochemical techniques for determination of some drugs using modified electrode with nano metal oxide

Abstract

The first part: Preparation of ZrO2 nano particles, followed by confirming the formation ZrO2 nano particles via, XRD gave mean grain size of ZrO2 nano particles can be calculated from the peak width using the Debye-Scherrer’s formula.SEM images was shows that the particle size of ZrO2 nano particles, TEM pictures of the ZrO2 nano particles showed that the average diameter of the prepared ZrO2 nanoparticle, IR-spectrum essentially show the various stretching frequencies at 1600 cm-1. The obtained data from UV shows that data agree with the information of the band gap energy for cubic zirconia in selected sample. The second part: cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were used to explore the oxidation behavior of nalbuphine.HCl drug at carbon past, zirconium oxide modified carbon past, graphite pencil and activated glassy carbon electrodes. The oxidation peak was obtained in Britton-Robinson buffer of pH 6 and 7 at graphite pencil (GPE) and activated glassy carbon (GCE), respectively, pH 9 at carbon past (CPE) and zirconium oxide modified carbon past (ZrO2-MCPE). The diffusion response was evaluated as a function of some variables such as the scan rate and pH. The voltammetric method was found to be simple, accurate, inexpensive and sensitive for determination of (NP.HCl). A linear calibration graphs were obtained from 2.0 × 10-5 to 24.5 × 10-5, 6.66 × 10-7 to 73.3 × 10-7, 16 × 10-6 to 15 × 10-5 and 12.5 × 10-6 to 13.75 × 10-5 mol L-1 by using differential pulse at CPE, ZrO2-MCPE, GPE and GCE, respectively. Also A linear calibration graphs were obtained from 2.0 × 10-5 to 48 × 10-5, 6.66 × 10-7 to 10.66 × 10-6, 16 × 10-6 to 15 × 10-5 and 2.5 × 10-6 to 2.75 × 10-5 mol L-1 by using square wave voltammetry at CPE, ZrO2-MCPE, GPE and GCE, respectively. The method was applied for determination of NP.HCl in raw material, biological fluid (urine) and pharmaceutical preparation (Nalufin). The third part: voltammetric determination of ritodrine hydrochloride (RT.HCl) at carbon past, zirconium oxide modified carbon past, graphite pencil and activated glassy carbon electrodes. The electrochemical oxidation of the drug was studied using cyclic voltammetry CV, differential pulse DPV and square wave SWV voltammetric techniques. For analytical purpose a well resolved irreversible diffusion controlled voltammetric peak was established in B.R buffer solution pH 8, 7 using zirconium oxide modified carbon past (ZrO2-MCPE), activated glassy (GCE), respectively, pH 9 at carbon past (CPE) and graphite pencil (GPE).The diffusion response was evaluated as a function of some variables such as the scan rate and pH. According to the linear relationship between the peak current and RT.HCl concentration DPV and SWV methods were developed for its quantitative determination in pharmaceutical preparation (Yutopar tablet) and human biological fluids, the linear response was obtained in the range from 3.33 × 10-6 to 4.33 × 10-5, 6.67 × 10-8 to 7.33 × 10-7, 4 × 10-6 to 5.2 × 10-5 and 5 × 10-6 to 4 × 10-5 mol L-1 by using differential pulse at CPE, ZrO2-MCPE, GPE and GCE, respectively, 1.33 × 10-6 to 1.47 × 10-5, 3.33 × 10-8 to 3.67 × 10-7, 4 × 10-6 to 6 × 10-5 and 5 × 10-6 to 4 × 10-5 mol L-1 by using square wave voltammetry at CPE, ZrO2-MCPE, GPE and GCE, respectively. The fourth part:Voltammetry were used fordetermination of CC. HCl at oxidation-reduction process process.The oxidation peaks of CC.HCl were obtained in Britton-Robinson buffer of pH 7 and 9 at ZrO2-MCPE and GPE, respectively, pH 5at CPE and GCE. linear calibration graphs were obtained from 2.67 × 10-6 to 3.47 × 10-5, 1.3 × 10-8 to 3.46 × 10-7, 1.5 × 10-6 to 1.8 × 10-5 and 1.25 × 10-6 to 1.37× 10-5 mol L-1 by using differential pulse at CPE, ZrO2-MCPE, GPE and GCE electrodes, respectively at oxidation process while a linear calibration graphs were obtained from 1.67 × 10-6 to 2.33 × 10-5, 1.3 × 10-8 to 2.86 × 10-7, 1 × 10-6 to 1.1 × 10-5 and 2.5× 10-6 to 3 × 10-5 mol L-1 by using square wave voltammetry at CPE,ZrO2-MCPE, GPE and GCE, respectively at reduction process. The proposed method was applied for determination of CC.HCl in raw material and biological fluid (urine). Keywords: Nano particle, zirconium oxide, nalbuphine hydrochloride, ritodrine hydrochloride, cinchocaine hydrochloride, XRD, TEM, SEM, IR, glassy carbonelectrode ,pencil electrode, carbon past electrode, pencil graphite electrode, Cyclic, Differential pulse and square wave voltammetry.