The Effect of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and Leek (Alliumporrum L.) Juices against the Toxicity of Dimethoate in Mice
Aziza Tarik Fathy Ahmed;
Abstract
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances that is intended to repel or destroy a pest. Insecticides are pesticides used in particular against insects. One of the most widely used groups of insecticides in the world is organophosphate (OP) compounds. Dimethoate (DM) is an organophosphorus insecticide with a contact and systemic action. It is widely used against a broad range of insects and mites on a variety of fruits, vegetables and other field crops and is also used indoor to control houseflies. Several studies addressed the toxic effect of DM on the functions of several mammalian organs including liver and kidney. In the current study, we evaluated the protective role and the antioxidant effects of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices against the toxic effect of DM using adult male mice and judged using biochemical and histopathological evaluations.
This study was divided into two sections:
First, radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices were analyzed and their constituents were identified by applying HPLC. We found that radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices contain many bioactive components, including catechein, ellagic, vanillic, ferulic, caffeic, chlorogenic, iso-ferulic, hisperdin, rutin, quercetrin, hespertin, naringin and rosmarinic acid with varying amounts. The total phenolic compounds in radish leaves juice (RLJ), leek leaves juice (LLJ), radish roots juice (RRJ) and leek roots juice (LRJ) were 12820, 6670, 1430 and 1130 μg GAE /100g extract , respectively ,whereas the total flavonoids were 10910, 9560, 350 and 550 μg CE /100g extract, respectively. In addition, free radical scavenging activity by DPPH radicals was about 94.37%, 39.39%, 17.04% and 14.31%, for each one, respectively.
The second part included the animal trial. One hundred adult male Swiss albino miceweighing 25±5 grams were used. After seven days of acclimatization period,the animals were divided into 10 groups, 10 mice each. All the groups received treatment via gavage tube for 6 weeks as follows: G1: healthy control, G2: healthy RLJ: mice received oral dose of RLJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day), G3: healthy RRJ: mice received oral dose of RRJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day), G4: healthy LLJ: mice received oral dose of LLJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day), G5: healthy LRJ: mice received oral dose of LRJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day), G6: DM group: mice administered with a daily oral dose of dimethoate (10mg/kg b.wt), G7: RLJ plus DM: mice received RLJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day) then administered with DM (10mg/kg b.wt/day), G8: RRJ plus DM: mice received RRJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day) then administered with DM (10mg/kg b.wt/day), G9: LLJ plus DM: mice received LLJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day) then administered with DM (10mg/kg b.wt/day), G10: LRJ plus DM: mice received LRJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day) then administered with DM (10mg/kg b.wt/day).The results illustrated that:
1. The biological study confirmed the impact of consuming radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices on the hepatic and renal toxicity of oral exposure to dimethoate in mice. The administration of dimethoate at a dose of 10 mg/kg b.wt/day caused a marked decrease in food intake, FER and body weight change by 36.83%, 73.81% and 83.33%, respectively as compared to healthy control group. The treatment of dimethoate treated mice in groups 7, 8, 9 and 10 with radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices caused significant elevation in food intake in comparison with G6. However, the decrease in FER and body weight change in the same groups was non-significant in comparison with G1. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the relative weight of liver (5.43±0.69) and kidney (2.17±0.49) for G6 as compared to G1. Mice in groups 7, 8, 9 and 10 showed a significant decrease in liver and kidney relative weights (P<0.05) as compared to dimethoate treated group.
2. Oral administration of DM caused a statistically significant increase in oxidative stress status presented by increased liver and kidney NO, MDA and AOPP by 176.44%, 66.74%, 157.32%, 75.63%, 121.95% and 47.37%,respectively whereas reduced levels of liver and kidney GSH, T.SH coupled with SOD activity by 67.90%, 53.13%, 36.77%, 50.06%, 45.85% and 43.64%, respectively when compared with the healthy control group (P<0.05). The results indicated increased antioxidant status and reduced oxidative stress status with oral consumption of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juicesin groups 7, 8, 9 and 10, presented by reduced levels of NO, MDA and AOPP, accompanied by increased levels of GSH, T.SH as well as SOD activity in liver and kidney as compared with dimethoate treated group.
3. Concerning liver functions, the administration of dimethoate in G6 induced a markedly significant elevation of in the serum activities of the liver enzymes; AST, ALT and ALP by 43.75%, 49.25%, and 68.97%, respectively. In addition to increased total bilirubin concentration by 438.46% as compared to control animals. Also, DM treated group showed a significant reduction in the level of total protein, albumin and A/G ratio by 28.26%, 40.17%, and 30.38%, respectively (P<0.05), whereas it caused a non-significant decrease in globulin as compared to G1. The consumption of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices were able to alleviate these deleterious effects.
4. Regarding kidney function, DM treated mice showed a constellation of disorders in renal function witnessed by increased serum urea, creatinine and uric acid levels by 76.55%, 153.33% and 58.08%, respectively as compared to G1. Administration of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices in groups 7, 8, 9 and 10 caused a significant decrease in urea and creatinine levels as well as a marked reduction in uric acid concentration as compared to G6 (P<0.05).
5. Concerning the hematological parameters, there were significant decreases in Hb concentration, HCT, RBCS count, MCV, MCH, and MCHC by 21.10%, 23.28%, 35.86%, 2.18%, 9.51%, and 10.44%, respectively in dimethoate treated group, while there was a significant increase in total WBCS count by 101.25% when compared with healthy control group. However, in groups 7, 8, 9 and 10, radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices improved the above mentioned hematological parameters (P<0.05).
6. The consequence of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices administration on liver and kidney of healthy and dimethoate treated groups was assessed by histopathological examination. Examination of liver of the DM treated mice showed dilated central vein, interstitial hemorrhage and lymphocytic infiltration. Whereas, in histopathological examination of kidneys of the DM treated group was found to cause glomeruli atrophy, congestion and tubular degeneration. Treatment with radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices were found to have a protective effect on DM induced liver and kidney damage.
In general, the results obtained in this study showed the beneficial effect of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices against the oxidative stress and reduce consequently the risk of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and cellular damage in mice liver and kidney after oral administration of dimethoate. However, the results revealed that radish leaves juice is most effective juice followed by leek leaves juice then radish roots juice and finally leek roots juice.
This study was divided into two sections:
First, radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices were analyzed and their constituents were identified by applying HPLC. We found that radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices contain many bioactive components, including catechein, ellagic, vanillic, ferulic, caffeic, chlorogenic, iso-ferulic, hisperdin, rutin, quercetrin, hespertin, naringin and rosmarinic acid with varying amounts. The total phenolic compounds in radish leaves juice (RLJ), leek leaves juice (LLJ), radish roots juice (RRJ) and leek roots juice (LRJ) were 12820, 6670, 1430 and 1130 μg GAE /100g extract , respectively ,whereas the total flavonoids were 10910, 9560, 350 and 550 μg CE /100g extract, respectively. In addition, free radical scavenging activity by DPPH radicals was about 94.37%, 39.39%, 17.04% and 14.31%, for each one, respectively.
The second part included the animal trial. One hundred adult male Swiss albino miceweighing 25±5 grams were used. After seven days of acclimatization period,the animals were divided into 10 groups, 10 mice each. All the groups received treatment via gavage tube for 6 weeks as follows: G1: healthy control, G2: healthy RLJ: mice received oral dose of RLJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day), G3: healthy RRJ: mice received oral dose of RRJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day), G4: healthy LLJ: mice received oral dose of LLJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day), G5: healthy LRJ: mice received oral dose of LRJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day), G6: DM group: mice administered with a daily oral dose of dimethoate (10mg/kg b.wt), G7: RLJ plus DM: mice received RLJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day) then administered with DM (10mg/kg b.wt/day), G8: RRJ plus DM: mice received RRJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day) then administered with DM (10mg/kg b.wt/day), G9: LLJ plus DM: mice received LLJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day) then administered with DM (10mg/kg b.wt/day), G10: LRJ plus DM: mice received LRJ (8ml/kg b.wt/day) then administered with DM (10mg/kg b.wt/day).The results illustrated that:
1. The biological study confirmed the impact of consuming radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices on the hepatic and renal toxicity of oral exposure to dimethoate in mice. The administration of dimethoate at a dose of 10 mg/kg b.wt/day caused a marked decrease in food intake, FER and body weight change by 36.83%, 73.81% and 83.33%, respectively as compared to healthy control group. The treatment of dimethoate treated mice in groups 7, 8, 9 and 10 with radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices caused significant elevation in food intake in comparison with G6. However, the decrease in FER and body weight change in the same groups was non-significant in comparison with G1. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the relative weight of liver (5.43±0.69) and kidney (2.17±0.49) for G6 as compared to G1. Mice in groups 7, 8, 9 and 10 showed a significant decrease in liver and kidney relative weights (P<0.05) as compared to dimethoate treated group.
2. Oral administration of DM caused a statistically significant increase in oxidative stress status presented by increased liver and kidney NO, MDA and AOPP by 176.44%, 66.74%, 157.32%, 75.63%, 121.95% and 47.37%,respectively whereas reduced levels of liver and kidney GSH, T.SH coupled with SOD activity by 67.90%, 53.13%, 36.77%, 50.06%, 45.85% and 43.64%, respectively when compared with the healthy control group (P<0.05). The results indicated increased antioxidant status and reduced oxidative stress status with oral consumption of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juicesin groups 7, 8, 9 and 10, presented by reduced levels of NO, MDA and AOPP, accompanied by increased levels of GSH, T.SH as well as SOD activity in liver and kidney as compared with dimethoate treated group.
3. Concerning liver functions, the administration of dimethoate in G6 induced a markedly significant elevation of in the serum activities of the liver enzymes; AST, ALT and ALP by 43.75%, 49.25%, and 68.97%, respectively. In addition to increased total bilirubin concentration by 438.46% as compared to control animals. Also, DM treated group showed a significant reduction in the level of total protein, albumin and A/G ratio by 28.26%, 40.17%, and 30.38%, respectively (P<0.05), whereas it caused a non-significant decrease in globulin as compared to G1. The consumption of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices were able to alleviate these deleterious effects.
4. Regarding kidney function, DM treated mice showed a constellation of disorders in renal function witnessed by increased serum urea, creatinine and uric acid levels by 76.55%, 153.33% and 58.08%, respectively as compared to G1. Administration of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices in groups 7, 8, 9 and 10 caused a significant decrease in urea and creatinine levels as well as a marked reduction in uric acid concentration as compared to G6 (P<0.05).
5. Concerning the hematological parameters, there were significant decreases in Hb concentration, HCT, RBCS count, MCV, MCH, and MCHC by 21.10%, 23.28%, 35.86%, 2.18%, 9.51%, and 10.44%, respectively in dimethoate treated group, while there was a significant increase in total WBCS count by 101.25% when compared with healthy control group. However, in groups 7, 8, 9 and 10, radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices improved the above mentioned hematological parameters (P<0.05).
6. The consequence of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices administration on liver and kidney of healthy and dimethoate treated groups was assessed by histopathological examination. Examination of liver of the DM treated mice showed dilated central vein, interstitial hemorrhage and lymphocytic infiltration. Whereas, in histopathological examination of kidneys of the DM treated group was found to cause glomeruli atrophy, congestion and tubular degeneration. Treatment with radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices were found to have a protective effect on DM induced liver and kidney damage.
In general, the results obtained in this study showed the beneficial effect of radish and leek (leaves or roots) juices against the oxidative stress and reduce consequently the risk of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and cellular damage in mice liver and kidney after oral administration of dimethoate. However, the results revealed that radish leaves juice is most effective juice followed by leek leaves juice then radish roots juice and finally leek roots juice.
Other data
| Title | The Effect of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and Leek (Alliumporrum L.) Juices against the Toxicity of Dimethoate in Mice | Other Titles | تأثير كلا من عصائر الفجلوالكراث ضد سمية دايميثويت في الفئران | Authors | Aziza Tarik Fathy Ahmed | Issue Date | 2016 |
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