Effect of oral insulin -Chitosan Nanoparticles Versus Injected Insulin on Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Male Albino Rats. Light and Electron Microscopic Study

Abstract

Summary Diabetes, a metabolic and chronic disorder, can be defined as a loss of glycemic control. Insulin is the drug therapy for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mel¬litus (or type 1 diabetes), and it is an important hormone for the regulation of blood glucose level. However, the problem encountered with subcutaneous insulin injections are pain, allergic reactions, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin lipodystrophy around the injection site. The development of oral insulin loaded in nanoparticles is very essential to overcome the problem of insulin degradation in the stomach when administered orally.