Urinary Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor-1 and Renal Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is group of metabolic diseases characterized by a state of hyperglycemia which is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various body systems, especially the nervous, renal and cardiovascular systems. It’s one of the fast growing healthcare problems in Egypt. According to international diabetes federation, Egypt is the ninth leading country in the world for the number of patients with type 2 DM. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the microvascular complication of DM characterized by increase in urinary albumin excretion rate more than 300 mg/d and abnormal kidney function manifested by elevation of BUN and creatinine with decrease in eGFR. Diabetic nephropathy affect up to one third of all cases of diabetes and becoming the leading cause of ESRD worldwide. For decades albuminuria was thought to be the gold standard test for early detection of DN. But different studies demonstrated that patients may have advanced renal pathological changes and progressive kidney function decline while urinary albumin levels are in the normal range, indicating that