The Role of Umbilical Cord Thickness, Interventricular Septum Thickness and HbA1c Levels in the Prediction of Fetal Macrosomia in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy, it can affect from 1 to 14% of all pregnancies. GDM is associated with an increased risk of fetal macrosomia which has adverse maternal as well as neonatal outcomes, maternal complications such as postpartum heamorrhage, infections as well as third to fourth vaginal lacerations because of operative delivery due to macrosomia. Fetal macrsomia complicates 20-30% of pregnancies with (GDM). Fetal complications like shoulder dystocia during delivery and brachial plexus injury. Both neonatal mortality