RISK ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER IRRIGATION ON PHYSIOLOGY OF SOME VEGETABLE CROPS
Ahmed Ebrahim Mahmoud Shouman;
Abstract
The present study was carried out in Soil Salinity and Alkalinity Laboratory – Agriculture Research Center- Ministry of Agriculture – Alexandria Governorate. During the winter seasons, 2011-2012 in glass house.
Seeds of three vegetables crops tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), lettuce(Lactuca sativa) and turnip (Brassica napus ) were kindly provided from the horticulture InstituteResearch Center,Giza, Egypt. These vegetables were selected because they differ in their edible parts i.e. the fruit in tomato, leaves in lettuce and the roots in turnip.
Soil virgin loam soil taken from El Nobaria region was used. Soil was collected at a depth of 0–30 cm.
Irrigation water industrial waste water was collected from the El-Amia drain. The El-Amia drain gets passed water containing waste from the industrial factories in the Kafr El-Dawar area and the Abu Qir area, which include companies involved in spinning and weaving, artificial silk making, and in production of pigments, fertilizers, paper, pesticides, plastics and petroleum. The first sample was collected 1 km after the beginning of the drain (T1), the second sample was collected 10 km after the beginning of the drain (T2) and the third sample was collected 19 km after the beginning of the drain (T3); the total length of the drain is about 20 km
Results obtained can be summarized in the flowingpoints
• Soil
Available heavy metals were measured in the soil before and at the end of the experiment. The obtained data showed significant increases in Fe and Cu contents and non-significant increase in Zn in soil irrigated with industrial waste water as compared with the control soil irrigated with fresh water. In addition, considerable amounts of other heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Co and Ni) that were not detected in soil at the beginning of the experiment or at the end of the experiment in soil irrigated with fresh water were found in soil irrigated with industrial waste water. The accumulated amounts were in the following order: Pb (ranged from 6.3-7.9 mg kg-1) ≥ Ni (6.2-7.9 mg kg-1) > Co (4.7-7.1 mg kg-1) > Cd (3.8-5.3 mg kg-1).
• Irrigation water
The detected amounts of Pb, Cd, Co and Ni were positively correlated with the distance of the used waste water from the beginning of the drain. Thus heavy metals concentrations in soil irrigated with waste water collected from 1 km from the beginning of El-Amia drain < those in soil irrigated with waste water from 10 km of the drain < in soil irrigated with waste water 19 km of the drain. Interestingly the accumulated amounts of Cu, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni in response to irrigation with waste water (collected from 19 km from the beginning of the drain) in soil cultivated with turnip plants were much higher than those detected in soil cultivated with lettuce plants by 11%, 13%, 4%, 4.4% and 5%, respectively.
• Plant
• Plant growth and yield
The results of lettuce, turnip and Tomato growth and yield as affected by irrigation with waste waterAll plants exhibited significant decreases in leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots and roots; the magnitude of decrease was positively correlated with the amounts of heavy metals detected in the soil, with highest reduction in plants irrigated with waste water collected 19 km from the beginning of El-Amia drain. The inhibition in tomato growth was calculated by 49.4, 82.6, 35.04, 75.0,and 45.4 and, turnip by 57.6%, 68.5%, 31%, 81.9% and 57.8% and in lettuce growth by 71%, 14.6%, 33%, 19.45% and 56% in leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight, respectively as compared with control plants irrigated with tap water. Weight of tuberous roots (fresh yield) of turnip was reduced to 78.3%, 73.4% and 69.07% of the control value in plants irrigated withwaste water collected from 1, 10 and 19 km from the drain, respectively. Whereas, fresh weight of shoots (represented the fresh yield) of lettuce was reduced to 94.1%, 88.38% and 85.37% of the control value in plants irrigated with waste water collected from 1, 10 and 19 km from the drain, respectively.
The present work showed that irrigation with industrial waste water has a negative impact on all the measured yield components. In this respect, number of leaves per plant of lettuce plants and tuberous root circumference of turnip plants were inhibited by 2.4%, 16.7% and 38.1% in case of number of leaves per lettuce plant and 22.7%, 54.5% and 54.5% in case of turnip root circumference in response to irrigation with waste water collected from 1, 10 and 19 km of the drain, respectively as compared with control plants irrigated with fresh water. Moreover, number of seeds per plants was significantly reduced by increasing soil contamination to reach the highest reduction (44.1% in case of turnip and 55.5% in case of lettuce) in plant grown in soil with maximum heavy metals content; irrigated with waste water from 19 km of the drain. Seed index (weight of 1000 seeds) of turnip plants was much more affected by irrigation by waste water than lettuce plants, with reduction calculated by 55.1% in plants irrigated with waste water; 19 km of the drain compared to corresponding control irrigated with fresh water.
Seeds of three vegetables crops tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), lettuce(Lactuca sativa) and turnip (Brassica napus ) were kindly provided from the horticulture InstituteResearch Center,Giza, Egypt. These vegetables were selected because they differ in their edible parts i.e. the fruit in tomato, leaves in lettuce and the roots in turnip.
Soil virgin loam soil taken from El Nobaria region was used. Soil was collected at a depth of 0–30 cm.
Irrigation water industrial waste water was collected from the El-Amia drain. The El-Amia drain gets passed water containing waste from the industrial factories in the Kafr El-Dawar area and the Abu Qir area, which include companies involved in spinning and weaving, artificial silk making, and in production of pigments, fertilizers, paper, pesticides, plastics and petroleum. The first sample was collected 1 km after the beginning of the drain (T1), the second sample was collected 10 km after the beginning of the drain (T2) and the third sample was collected 19 km after the beginning of the drain (T3); the total length of the drain is about 20 km
Results obtained can be summarized in the flowingpoints
• Soil
Available heavy metals were measured in the soil before and at the end of the experiment. The obtained data showed significant increases in Fe and Cu contents and non-significant increase in Zn in soil irrigated with industrial waste water as compared with the control soil irrigated with fresh water. In addition, considerable amounts of other heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Co and Ni) that were not detected in soil at the beginning of the experiment or at the end of the experiment in soil irrigated with fresh water were found in soil irrigated with industrial waste water. The accumulated amounts were in the following order: Pb (ranged from 6.3-7.9 mg kg-1) ≥ Ni (6.2-7.9 mg kg-1) > Co (4.7-7.1 mg kg-1) > Cd (3.8-5.3 mg kg-1).
• Irrigation water
The detected amounts of Pb, Cd, Co and Ni were positively correlated with the distance of the used waste water from the beginning of the drain. Thus heavy metals concentrations in soil irrigated with waste water collected from 1 km from the beginning of El-Amia drain < those in soil irrigated with waste water from 10 km of the drain < in soil irrigated with waste water 19 km of the drain. Interestingly the accumulated amounts of Cu, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni in response to irrigation with waste water (collected from 19 km from the beginning of the drain) in soil cultivated with turnip plants were much higher than those detected in soil cultivated with lettuce plants by 11%, 13%, 4%, 4.4% and 5%, respectively.
• Plant
• Plant growth and yield
The results of lettuce, turnip and Tomato growth and yield as affected by irrigation with waste waterAll plants exhibited significant decreases in leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots and roots; the magnitude of decrease was positively correlated with the amounts of heavy metals detected in the soil, with highest reduction in plants irrigated with waste water collected 19 km from the beginning of El-Amia drain. The inhibition in tomato growth was calculated by 49.4, 82.6, 35.04, 75.0,and 45.4 and, turnip by 57.6%, 68.5%, 31%, 81.9% and 57.8% and in lettuce growth by 71%, 14.6%, 33%, 19.45% and 56% in leaf area, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight, respectively as compared with control plants irrigated with tap water. Weight of tuberous roots (fresh yield) of turnip was reduced to 78.3%, 73.4% and 69.07% of the control value in plants irrigated withwaste water collected from 1, 10 and 19 km from the drain, respectively. Whereas, fresh weight of shoots (represented the fresh yield) of lettuce was reduced to 94.1%, 88.38% and 85.37% of the control value in plants irrigated with waste water collected from 1, 10 and 19 km from the drain, respectively.
The present work showed that irrigation with industrial waste water has a negative impact on all the measured yield components. In this respect, number of leaves per plant of lettuce plants and tuberous root circumference of turnip plants were inhibited by 2.4%, 16.7% and 38.1% in case of number of leaves per lettuce plant and 22.7%, 54.5% and 54.5% in case of turnip root circumference in response to irrigation with waste water collected from 1, 10 and 19 km of the drain, respectively as compared with control plants irrigated with fresh water. Moreover, number of seeds per plants was significantly reduced by increasing soil contamination to reach the highest reduction (44.1% in case of turnip and 55.5% in case of lettuce) in plant grown in soil with maximum heavy metals content; irrigated with waste water from 19 km of the drain. Seed index (weight of 1000 seeds) of turnip plants was much more affected by irrigation by waste water than lettuce plants, with reduction calculated by 55.1% in plants irrigated with waste water; 19 km of the drain compared to corresponding control irrigated with fresh water.
Other data
| Title | RISK ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER IRRIGATION ON PHYSIOLOGY OF SOME VEGETABLE CROPS | Other Titles | تقييم خطورة استخدام مياه الصرف الصناعي على فسيولوجيا بعض محاصيل الخضر | Authors | Ahmed Ebrahim Mahmoud Shouman | Issue Date | 2015 |
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