Comparative Study between Bupivacaine Epidural Injection or Intravenous Fentanyl with General Anesthesia for Intra operative Analgesia during Major Abdominal Surgeries

Abstract

After years of neglect, issues of pain assessment and management have captured the attention of both health care professionals and the public. Factors that prompted such attention include the high prevalence of pain, continuing evidence that pain is undertreated, and a growing awareness of the adverse consequences of inadequately manage Pain. Pain is the most common reason individuals seek health care. Pain is often undertreated. Improved understanding of pain mechanisms has advanced treatment for pain. Sufficient knowledge and resources exist to manage pain in an estimated 90% of individuals with acute or cancer pain. Yet recent studies, reports, and a position statement suggest that many types of pain (e.g., postoperative pain, cancer pain, chronic noncancer pain) and patient populations (e.g., elderly patients, children, minorities, substance abusers) are undertreated. The adverse consequences of undertreated pain are considerable. Poorly managed acute pain may cause serious medical complications (e.g., pneumonia, deep venous thrombosis), impair recovery from injury or procedures, and/or progress to chronic pain. Undertreated chronic pain