Evaluation of Transesophegeal Echocardiography (TEE) Role in Trans-catheter Device Closure of Secundum Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Abstract

trial septal defects (ASDs) are the second most common congenital heart lesion in adults. They represent approximately 7-10% of all cardiac anomalies. These defects are often undetected due to the lack of prominent clinical symptoms initially. If untreated, an ASD can eventually result in right ventricular (RV) heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, atrial arrhythmias, or paradoxical embolization and ischemic cerebral events. Different morphological variants of interatrial communications have been described including: patent foramen ovale (PFO), sinus venosus ASD, coronary sinus defect, osteum primum ASD and ASD secundum). The exact differentiation between different types is essential for evaluation of haemodynamic significance, associated anomalies and decision of intervention. Clinical evaluation of patients with ASD is an important step to set an appropriate plan of management. Most children are asymptomatic and rarely develop congestive cardiac failure during infancy and childhood because the major hemodynamic abnormality, volume overload of the right ventricle, is well tolerated. So most of the patients with defects