Study of the Effect of Probiotics on Serum IndoxylSulphate in Haemodialysis Patients

Abstract

End stage renal disease is a major health problem that had multi clinical implications on different levels speciallycardiovascular system, bone mineral disease, hematological profile and inflammatory processes (KDIGO, 2012). Kidney gut axis now is well established and plays a great role of production ofmany protein bound uremic toxins that contributes to deterioration of renal functions and in addition to cardiovascular morbiditiy and mortality (Wang et al., 2012). Leaky gut is common in end stage renal disease and specially those receiving replacement therapy with haemodialysis due to mucosal ischemiadisruption of intestinal villous structures leading to outflow of many of protein bound uremic toxins to blood with endotoxemia that leads to persistent chronic inflammatory status (Wang et al., 2012). Uremic protein bound toxins are not easily targeted specially they are not removed with different modalities of replacement therapy. Indoxyl sulphate is one of uremic protein bound toxins that accumulates in patients of chronic