Evaluation of High ligation operation in Varicocele as regard to semen parameters, testicular functions and postoperative complications

Abstract

A varicocele is a collection of dilated veins in the pampiniform plexus that drains the testicles and is located in the upper scrotum just above the affected testis. Varicocele is the most common correctable cause of male infertility. A clinical varicocele is observed in 10–20% of the general population, in 35–40% of men with primary infertility and in up to 80% of men with secondary infertility. The pathophysiology of varicocele infertility has not been delineated but there are many theories that may explain the pathophysiological changes that can occur with varicocele which include: 1. Increased testicular temperature. 2. Nuclear DNA damage and high oxidative stress. 3. Endocrine abnormalities. 4. Elevated Nitric oxide. 5. Testicular atrophy. 6. Altered blood flow. 7. Formation of anti-spermatozoal antibodies. Varicocele is diagnosed by the following: Clinically the patient is complaining of either pain or fertility problems