USING SOME NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES IN CEMENT INDUSTRY IN GREATER CAIRO REGION

Abstract

This thesis includes six chapters and one annex, as follows: Chapter I is entitled “general introduction”, that indicates the importance of cement industry and that cement is one of the most energy intensive industries that require very high temperatures and the environmental impacts in the manufacture of cement. Another related challenge is the threat of climate change which is considered to be one of the major environmental challenges which is caused by the emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2 which is one of the major greenhouse gases resulting from cement manufacturing. It also shed a light on the Egyptian cement factories and the type of fuels burned in these factories and that Egypt has energy sources that can be used, but they are not used in a proper manner, but they represent a problem, such as the agricultural wastes, solid wastes that are burned uncontrollably releasing methane and carbon emissions, and the potential role for these non conventional energy sources in solving the energy crisis in Egypt. Chapter II is entitled “energy resources in Egypt and related GHG emissions”, which indicates the energy resources in Egypt, whether non renewable and renewable sources. It also includes an energy analysis and its environmental and socioeconomic impacts that show the energy consumption and the reasons of energy crisis in Egypt especially due to the gap between supply and demand and the energy subsidies at the global level and the Egyptian level and its economic consequences. It also indicates the greenhouse gases emissions from the energy production and use in different sectors in Egypt and the potential negative impacts of climate change on Egypt and the current strategies, policies and programs for mitigating greenhouse gases emissions in energy sector. Chapter III is entitled “cement production & its related environmental impacts and energy consumption”, that indicates manufacturing of portland cement and its environmental impacts, covering the cement properties and the four main process routes in cement production whether dry, semidry, wet and semi wet processes indicating production steps, fuel use and the main environmental impacts. It also highlights the cement production trends at the global level and the Egyptian level and its related energy consumption. A field survey has been made for the Egyptian cement companies for identifying the total production capacity, energy consumption and environmental status in terms of the applied dust and air emission standards.