The effect of Ivabradine on the clinical outcome and ventricular function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract

COPD represents a major comorbid condition in many patients with cardiovascular diseases especially heart failure and coronary artery disease. These patients usually require special considerations regarding their diagnosis and management. For diagnosis, BNP is used now to differentiate whether dyspnea of cardiac or pulmonary origin. For management, ivabradine is used as heart rate lowering drug to patients with chronic stable angina and heart failure especially if associated with COPD. This drug is safe to be used in COPD with no negative inotropic or bronchoconstrictive effects which are observed with the use of beta blockers. The majority of COPD patients have diastolic dysfunction due to several facto