Biocompatible Nanocarriers for Enhanced Therapeutic Efficiency of an Antibacterial Drug

Abstract

The main target of novel drug delivery systems is maintaining constant and effective drug level in the body, decreasing the side-effects and it also localizes the drug action by targeting the drug delivery using drug nanocarriers. Vesicular systems are among the most commonly used systems to achieve such purpose. The dermal penetration enhancement of active constituents is highly correlated to the need for efficient therapies for local as well as systemic drug delivery. The interest in enhancing the dermal penetration is driven by the poor oral absorption, severe adverse effects, and frequent dosing associated with many drugs. As an alternative route of administration, the skin provides a new chance for overcoming these problems. However, the opportunity of delivering active ingredients by the dermal route becomes limited due to the formidable barrier characteristics of the stratum corneum. Therefore, many attempts have been focused on implementing techniques and formulating many preparations to augment the permeation of drugs through the stratum corneum as the development of new classes of elastic lipid vesicles called penetration enhancer nanovesicles. The use of nanocarriers such as penetration enhancer nanovesicles and proniosomal gels are examples of formulation techniques that have shown to enhance the dermal delivery of drugs. Penetration enhancer containing vesicles can be described as vesicular systems that are mainly constituted from phospholipids with the addition of penetration enhancer. The incorporation of penetration enhancer can play a vital role in the ease of the penetration of the active drug molecules into the skin. It can execute its action through versatile mechanisms either to fluidize the different skin compartments or to disrupt the highly organized lamellar compartments through interacting with intracellular lipids. Proniosomal gel preparations can be defined as semisolid liquid crystal products of non-ionic Surfactants. In addition, they contain cholesterol and lecithin in lower concentrations. They can be formulated by dissolving the surfactant in a minimum amount of the organic solvent and the aqueous phase. These structures are considered to be liquid crystalline compact noisomal hybrids that can be transformed into niosomes in situ after hydration. Proniosomal gels are considered to be the selective vesicular system optimum for the delivery of many medications through transdermal route due to the penetration enhancing effect of the added surfactant.