Sustainable graphene nanoparticle-enhanced in-line potentiometric ion selective sensor for testing of Perindopril in human plasma

Abstract

In this study, various ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) were developed to measure the concentration of Perindopril (PER) in human plasma. The proposed solid-contact sensors were assessed with and without the use of graphene nanoparticles as an ion-to-electron transducer. Compared to liquid contact sensors, the solid contact sensors demonstrated better durability, handling, and sensitivity, with the added benefit of easier adaptation for industrial use. The sensors were successfully employed to determine PER levels in pharmaceutical formulations and spiked human plasma for testing, providing a diagnostic tool for monitoring the drug's therapeutic effects. This potentiometric approach is the first to selectively determine PER in the presence of its metabolite, PERT, and co-formulated drugs, IND and AML. The developed ISEs could be used for fast in-line monitoring of the studied drug in plasma. As the analytical society focuses on “Sustainable Analytical Procedures”, the presented potentiometric ISEs represent a promising alternative analytical tool that fulfills the requirements of green analytical chemistry (GAC) for challenging analytical tasks. The developed method is considered a step forward towards achieving sustainability. To ensure the qualitative and quantitative human and environmental safety of the developed methods, different metrics were utilized to assess their greenness and whiteness. The results were statistically compared to those obtained from a reference method, and no significant difference was observed.