Structural and biomedical investigations of novel ruthenium schiff base complexes

Abstract

Ruthenium(III) complexes with Schiff base ligands bearing diverse functional groups remain extensively underexplored, despite their promising potential in therapeutic applications. To address this gap, we designed and synthesized a new series of mononuclear octahedral Ru(III) complexes with the general formula [RuL1-3], where L1, L2, and L3 are deprotonated Schiff bases derived from functionalized aromatic precursors. These complexes were characterized through a suite of physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR, 1H-NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, TGA, and elemental analysis, to confirm their structural features and coordination environment. To complement experimental findings, density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) calculations were conducted, revealing stable, distorted octahedral geometries and supporting the proposed molecular configurations. Building upon the structural insights, we evaluated the biological activity of the complexes through in vitro cytotoxicity assays against HCT-116 (colorectal), MCF-7 (breast), and HepG2 (liver) cancer cell lines. Among them, RuL2 exhibited the most potent activity against HCT-116 (IC₅₀ = 4.97 µg/mL), comparable to the standard drug Vinblastine. Finally, molecular docking simulations were employed to investigate the interaction of these complexes with key biological targets from Escherichia coli (PDB IDs: 4BJP and 1BNA), offering further insights into their potential modes of action. Together, these results demonstrate the importance of ligand design in tuning the coordination behavior and bioactivity of ruthenium complexes, highlighting their promise in anticancer and antimicrobial drug development.