Architectural and cultural Evolution of Indian Theater under Sultanate and Mughal Eras

Abstract

Due to the absence of surviving architectural examples of theater as a distinct architecture in India during the Sultanate and Mughal periods, scholars have largely overlooked this dimension of Islamic cultural history in India. This paper highlights the nuanced relationship between Islamic rulers and Indian theater during these eras. Contrary to prevailing assumptions, Sanskrit theater continued to flourish under Muslim patronage, becoming integrated into courtly performances. The cultural exchange between Hindu and Islamic traditions gave rise to a unique theatrical fusion, reflected in dramatic literature, puppetry, and religious performances. Architectural spaces—ranging from dedicated venues to multifunctional structures—served as dynamic stages for this cultural interplay, reshaping the development of Indian theater. Expanding on this framework, the study emphasizes the pivotal role of Sufi shrines, Shia Hussainiyyas, and entertainment venues as theatrical platforms during the Sultanate and Mughal periods. It examines how these religious and public spaces became vibrant settings for dramatic expression, hosting diverse performances within both sacred and secular contexts. From the grandeur of courtly venues like the Audience Hall to lively entertainment quarters such as Tarab Abad, the evolving landscape of theatrical practice is explored in detail—revealing a rich spectrum of performances from classical narratives to comedic spectacles.