Synergistic enhancement of sugar beet root physico-mechanical properties using magnetically treated water and potassium nano-fertilizers for sustainable farming

Abstract

Magnetically treated irrigation water (MIW) and potassium nano-fertilizers have emerged as innovative methods to improve plant physico-mechanical properties and promote sustainable agricultural practices. This study investigates the combined effects of MIW and varying potassium fertilization treatments on key physical and mechanical properties of sugar beet roots. A 2 × 5 split-plot design was employed, comparing MIW with non-magnetized irrigation water (NMIW) as a control, and five potassium fertilization regimes: 100% potassium oxide (K<inf>2</inf>O), 75% K<inf>2</inf>O + 25% nano-potassium (Nano K), 50% K<inf>2</inf>O + 50% Nano K, 25% K<inf>2</inf>O + 75% Nano K, and 100% Nano K. Physical properties, including root dimensions, and projected surface area (PSA), were analyzed using image processing. In addition, the volume was measured utilizing the water displacement technique. Mechanical properties, such as firmness and penetration energy, were measured to evaluate their role in promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Results from two growing seasons showed that the treatments combining MIW with 100% K<inf>2</inf>O and MIW with 75% K<inf>2</inf>O + 25% Nano K consistently achieved the highest values for root diameter, thickness, length, PSA, weight, firmness, and penetration energy. Notably, the MIW + 75% K<inf>2</inf>O + 25% Nano K treatment exhibited significant improvements in both physical and mechanical properties, contributing to enhanced resource efficiency and crop resilience. This approach highlights the potential of MIW and potassium nano-fertilizers to optimize sugar beet cultivation, offering a sustainable strategy to support future agriculture practices while minimizing environmental impact.