Comprehensive insights into Ochratoxin A: Prevalence and regulatory frameworks in the Maghreb region

Abstract

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a thermostable mycotoxin mainly produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species, and is recognized for its nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. These fungi frequently contaminate food and feed, with climatic conditions and inadequate storage or production practices contributing to the occurrence of OTA, particularly in the Maghreb region. This review provides an overview of OTA contamination in food and feed products from Maghreb countries. Ochratoxigenic Aspergillus species reported in the region are mainly affiliated with the Circumdati, Nigri, and Flavi sections, while Penicillium species are less frequently encountered. Furthermore, the review highlights analytical methods used for OTA detection and examines existing legislative measures, underscoring their role in protecting public health. The objective of this review is to consolidate existing data from the Maghreb to provide an integrative perspective on OTA prevalence, detection methods, and regulatory frameworks.