Molecular events responsible for hypoglycaemic attributes of Fernandoa adenophylla extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes

Abstract

Traditionally, people use the decoction of Fernandoa adenophylla leaves to treat diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the antidiabetic activity of F. adenophylla methanol extract (Fa.Me) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats, with metformin as a positive control. We analysed several relevant biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes using ELISA assays and assessed gene expression (PEPCK, G6-PDH, PFKFB1, GS, GK, and GLUT-4) using qRT-PCR. The obtained results revealed an upregulation of G6-PDH (PPS pathway), PFKFB1 (glycolysis), GS (glycogenesis), and GLUT-4 (glucose transporter), while the PEPCK (gluconeogenesis) gene was downregulated. Besides, the antidiabetic biomarkers showed elevated adiponectin, SOD, and glutathione levels; however, amylase level decreased in the treatment groups. We observed a dose-dependent reduction in HbA1c, insulin, and random blood glucose in the metformin and Fa.Me groups. Histopathological analysis of animals' liver and pancreas showed an intact structure of hepatocytes in extract groups, while atrophic changes in the pancreas were observed in the diseased group. By modulating the oxidative stress and glucose metabolism-control genes, F. adenophylla demonstrated significant antidiabetic properties and held potential for further clinical exploration.