Modeling and experimental investigation of indentation creep behavior of hypoeutectic Sn-Bi and Sn-Bi- Sb2O3 alloys using genetic programming approach

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This study employs genetic programming (GP) to model the impact of aging temperature and the addition of nano-sized Sb<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> particles on the mechanical properties of hypoeutectic Sn-5 wt% Bi alloy. Vickers hardness measurements were used to investigate the indentation creep behavior of the alloy under different testing conditions, comparing Sn-5 wt% Bi (alloy A) and Sn-5 wt% Bi-0.5 wt% Sb<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> (alloy B). Microstructure development was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A MATLAB code was employed to optimize the GP parameters during the training process. Two GP models were developed to describe the indentation creep behavior of alloys A and B, respectively, as a function of dwell time, aging temperature, and applied load, using experimental data with errors of 0.0844 and 0.086 and a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9. The equations generated by the GP approach demonstrate excellent agreement with the experimental findings, and the GP model predicts the data with high accuracy.</jats:p>