Subcapsular renal hematoma in patients underwent upper ureteroscopic lithotripsy

Abstract

Ureteroscopy has become one of the main diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to endoluminal pathologies of the upper urinary tract. With a continuous technical improvement of semirigid and flexible instruments during the last two decades, stone clearance rates have significantly improved and effective tumor ablation has become possible, while complication rates have significantly decreased. In the recent literature, stone-free rates of up to 99 % and complication rates of 9–11 % have been reported, with ureteric perforation accounting for 1–4 %. High success rates, low complication rate and immediate complete stone removal in most cases have made URS more than an attractive alternative in endourological stone treatment and have widened the indications. With improved efficacy and reduced morbidity currently associated with ureteroscopic management of proximal ureteral stones, this modality is now deemed appropriate for stones of any size in the proximal ureter.